《x86汇编语言从实模式到保护模式》学习实验笔记【01】

布满荆棘的人生 2023-02-22 13:51 4阅读 0赞

### 目录 ###

*  书籍简介
 *  下载Ubuntu20.04
 *  配置开发环境
 *   *  安装NASM编译器
     *  安装十六进制编辑器
     *  安装配置虚拟机Virtualbox用于仿真
     *   *  通过软件源安装virtualbox
         *  新建并配置虚拟机
     *  编译安装FixVhdWr工具
     *   *  Makefile文件
         *  FixVhdWr源码
         *  解决编译问题
         *  将FixVhdWr添加至环境变量PATH中
 *  测试开发环境

# 书籍简介 #

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
这本书共17章，深入浅出地以实验的方式分析了x86 Intel语法下的汇编语言、8086处理器在实模式和保护模式下的工作原理。我个人认为这本书是学习操作系统课之前的必读书之一。

作者李忠老师还在B站上开了本书的视频专栏[《计算机语言 x86汇编语言：从实模式到保护模式（操作系统引导课）》][x86]，在这里替李老师打一下call。

# 下载Ubuntu20.04 #

在这本书中李忠老师是基于windows环境来进行的代码开发和实验。本系列学习笔记则完全采用Ubuntu平台进行学习实验。采用目前最新的Ubuntu 20.04 LTS（ubuntu-20.04-desktop-amd64.iso）来进行全部实验，下载地址为https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop。

# 配置开发环境 #

## 安装NASM编译器 ##

> $ sudo apt-get install nasm

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

## 安装十六进制编辑器 ##

> $ sudo apt-get install hexedit

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

## 安装配置虚拟机Virtualbox用于仿真 ##

### 通过软件源安装virtualbox ###

> $ sudo apt-get install virtualbox

### 新建并配置虚拟机 ###

1.  点击菜单栏Machine->New，新建虚拟机：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]
2.  新建虚拟机名字x86AsmLab，操作系统类型选择Other，版本选择32位的Other/Unknown，如下图所示：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]
3.  设置虚拟机的内存大小为默认值64MB，如下图所示：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]
4.  选择新建虚拟硬盘，之后硬盘类型选择VHD（Virtual Hard Disk）,尺寸类型选择固定尺寸大小，硬盘大小选择512MB即可。  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]
5.  调整虚拟机的启动顺序，将从硬盘启动放置在第一位，如下图所示：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][20200704192110586.gif]
6.  最终设置好的虚拟机如下图所示：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]

## 编译安装FixVhdWr工具 ##

FixVhdWr是针对固定大小的VHD虚拟硬盘进行扇区二进制写入的工具。采用LBA连续直写模式。  
该工具的C源代码如下所示，直接使用gcc编译即可。为方便起见，我们使用Makefile文件进行编译。

### Makefile文件 ###

TARGET = FixVhdWr
    
    all:	${TARGET}
    ${TARGET} : ${TARGET}.c  ${TARGET}.h
    	gcc -o ${TARGET} $< -m32
    
    clean:
    	rm -f *.o ${TARGET}

### FixVhdWr源码 ###

FixVhdWr.h文件

//FixVhdWr.h
    #ifndef _FIXED_VHD_WRITER_H_
    #define _FIXED_VHD_WRITER_H_
    
    #include "stdint.h"
    #include "stdio.h"
    
    #define VHD_COOKIE_STRING "conectix"
    
    
    #ifdef __cplusplus 
    extern "C" { 
    #endif
    
    typedef int BOOL;
    
    typedef struct _vhd_sector { 
    	int vaild_bytes; /* 0 ~ 512 */
    	uint8_t raw[512];
    }vhd_sector;
    
    typedef enum _writer_error { 
    	NO_ERROR,
    	LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE,
    	OPEN_FILE_ERROR
    }writer_error;
    
    typedef struct _writer_object { 
    	FILE *vhd_fp; /* file pointer */
    	BOOL vaild;
    	BOOL fixed; /* fixed VHD flag */
    	int64_t size;
    	writer_error last_error;
    }writer_object;
    
    typedef enum _option_flag { 
    	FLAG_SET_VHD = 1,
    	FLAG_SET_DATA_FILE = 2,
    	FLAG_SET_LBA = 4
    }option_flag;
    
    int init_writer_object(writer_object * const wo_p, const char * const name);
    void release_writer_object(writer_object * const wo_p);
    int vaild_vhd(writer_object * const wo_p);
    int fixed_vhd(writer_object * const wo_p);
    int write_a_vhd_sector(writer_object * const wo_p, const int64_t lba, const vhd_sector * const sector_p);
    int64_t write_hvd_sector_from_data_file(writer_object * const wo_p, const int64_t lba, const char * const name);
    writer_error get_last_error(const writer_object * const wo_p);
    void set_last_error(writer_object * const wo_p, const writer_error last_error);
    
    #ifdef __cplusplus 
    }
    #endif
    
    #endif

FixVhdWr.c文件

//FixVhdWr.c
    #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
    #include "stdlib.h"
    #include "string.h"
    #include "stdarg.h"
    #include "FixVhdWr.h"
    
    #ifdef __cplusplus 
    extern "C" { 
    #endif
    
    int init_writer_object(writer_object * const wo_p, const char * const name) { 
    	FILE *fp = fopen(name, "rb+");
    	if (fp == NULL) { 
    		set_last_error(wo_p, OPEN_FILE_ERROR);
    		return 0;
    	}
    	wo_p->vhd_fp = fp;
    	wo_p->fixed = 0;
    	wo_p->vaild = 0;
    	wo_p->size = 0;
    	wo_p->last_error = NO_ERROR;
    	return 1;
    }
    
    void release_writer_object(writer_object * const wo_p) { 
    	fclose(wo_p->vhd_fp);
    }
    
    int vaild_vhd(writer_object * const wo_p) { 
    	char vhd_cookie[9] = {  0 };
    	/* the beginning of last sector means VHD cookie */
    	fseek(wo_p->vhd_fp, -512, SEEK_END);
    	fread(vhd_cookie, 1, 8, wo_p->vhd_fp);
    	return strcmp(vhd_cookie, VHD_COOKIE_STRING) == 0 && (wo_p->vaild = 1);
    }
    
    int fixed_vhd(writer_object * const wo_p) { 
    	int vhd_type;
    	/* the last sector with offset 0x3C means VHD type */
    	fseek(wo_p->vhd_fp, -512 + 0x3C, SEEK_END);
    	fread(&vhd_type, sizeof(int), 1, wo_p->vhd_fp);
    	return vhd_type == 0x02000000 && (wo_p->fixed = 1);
    }
    
    int64_t size_vhd(writer_object * const wo_p) { 
    	int64_t size;
    	/* the last sector with offset 0x28 means original size */
    	fseek(wo_p->vhd_fp, -512 + 0x28, SEEK_END);
    	fread(&size, sizeof(int64_t), 1, wo_p->vhd_fp);
    	/* reverse big-endian into little-endian */
    	char *p = (char *)&size, temp;
    	int i;
    	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(size) / 2; i++) { 
    		temp = *p;
    		*(p + i) = *(p + 7 - i);
    		*(p + 7 - i) = temp;
    	}
    	return wo_p->size = size;
    }
    
    int write_a_vhd_sector(writer_object * const wo_p, const int64_t lba, const vhd_sector * const sector_p) { 
    	fseek(wo_p->vhd_fp, lba * 512, SEEK_SET);
    	return fwrite(sector_p->raw, 1, sector_p->vaild_bytes, wo_p->vhd_fp);
    }
    
    int64_t write_hvd_sector_from_data_file(writer_object * const wo_p, const int64_t lba, const char * const name) { 
    	int vaild_bytes, written_bytes;
    	int64_t total_written_bytes = 0, lba_index = lba, lba_max = wo_p->size / 512;
    	if (lba_index < 0 || lba_index >= lba_max) { 
    		set_last_error(wo_p, LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE);
    		return 0;
    	}
    
    	FILE *fp = fopen(name, "rb");
    	vhd_sector sector;
    
    	if (fp == NULL) { 
    		set_last_error(wo_p, OPEN_FILE_ERROR);
    		return 0;
    	}
    
    	do { 
    		vaild_bytes = fread(sector.raw, 1, 512, fp);
    		sector.vaild_bytes = vaild_bytes;
    		written_bytes = write_a_vhd_sector(wo_p, lba_index++, &sector);
    		total_written_bytes += written_bytes;
    	} while (lba_index < lba_max && vaild_bytes == 512 && written_bytes);
    
    	fclose(fp);
    	return total_written_bytes;
    }
    
    writer_error get_last_error(const writer_object * const wo_p) { 
    	return wo_p->last_error;
    }
    
    void set_last_error(writer_object * const wo_p, const writer_error last_error) { 
    	wo_p->last_error = last_error;
    }
    
    
    void _err_msg(const char * const fmt, ...) { 
    	va_list vl;
    	va_start(vl, fmt);
    	vfprintf(stderr, fmt, vl);
    	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    	va_end(vl);
    }
    
    int64_t get_file_size_by_name(const char * const name) { 
    	fpos_t fpos_begin, fpos_end;
    	int res = 0;
    	FILE *fp = fopen(name, "rb");
    	if (fp == NULL) { 
    		return 0; /* error */
    	}
    	if (fgetpos(fp, &fpos_begin)) return 0; /* error */
    	fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
    	if (fgetpos(fp, &fpos_end)) return 0; /* error */
    	return fpos_end.__pos - fpos_begin.__pos;
    }
    
    int main(int argc, char **argv) { 
    #define __err(s, ...) _err_msg(s, ##__VA_ARGS__);
    	writer_object wo;
    	int i, j, states = 0;
    	char cc, nc;
    
    	char *vhd_file_name = NULL, *data_file_name = NULL;
    	int64_t lba;
    	option_flag last_option_flag = 0; /* 3 options must be set up */
    
    	if (argc <= 1) { 
    		__err("Fixed VHD Writer\n[-h] usage help\n[-r] specify data file name (read)\n[-w] specify VHD file name (write)\n[-a] specify LBA to writing data\n");
    		return -1;
    	}
    
    	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { 
    		for (j = 0; argv[i][j] != '\0'; j++) { 
    			cc = argv[i][j];
    			nc = argv[i][j + 1];
    
    			switch (states) { 
    			case 0:
    				if (cc == '-') states = 1;
    				break;
    
    			case 1: /* after accept '-' */
    				if (cc == 'w' && nc == '\0') states = 2; /* VHD file name (write) */
    				else if (cc == 'a' && nc == '\0') states = 3; /* LBA */
    				else if (cc == 'r' && nc == '\0') states = 4; /* data file name (read) */
    				else if (cc == 'h' && nc == '\0') states = 5; /* usage help */
    				else {  __err("Invaild option \'%s\'", argv[i]); return -1; }
    				break;
    
    			case 2: /* after accept '-w' */
    				vhd_file_name = argv[i];
    				last_option_flag |= FLAG_SET_VHD;
    				states = 0;
    				break;
    
    			case 3: /* after accept '-a' */
    				sscanf(argv[i], "%lld", &lba);
    				last_option_flag |= FLAG_SET_LBA;
    				states = 0;
    				break;
    
    			case 4: /* after accept '-r' */
    				data_file_name = argv[i];
    				last_option_flag |= FLAG_SET_DATA_FILE;
    				states = 0;
    				break;
    
    			case 5:
    				__err("Fixed VHD Writer\n[-h] usage help\n[-r] specify data file name (read)\n[-w] specify VHD file name (write)\n[-a] specify LBA to writing data\n");
    				return -1;
    			}
    		}
    	}
    
    	if ((last_option_flag & FLAG_SET_VHD) == 0) { 
    		__err("VHD image file is not specified");
    		return -1;
    	}
    	else if ((last_option_flag & FLAG_SET_LBA) == 0) { 
    		__err("LBA offset is not specified");
    		return -1;
    	}
    	else if ((last_option_flag & FLAG_SET_DATA_FILE) == 0) { 
    		__err("Data file is not specified");
    		return -1;
    	}
    
    	int64_t data_file_size;
    
    	init_writer_object(&wo, vhd_file_name);
    	if (get_last_error(&wo) == OPEN_FILE_ERROR) { 
    		__err("Open VHD image file error");
    		return -1;
    	}
    
    	if (!vaild_vhd(&wo)) { 
    		__err("Invaild or broken VHD image file");
    		release_writer_object(&wo);
    		return -1;
    	}
    
    	if (!fixed_vhd(&wo)) { 
    		__err("The VHD image is not fixed which is still not support");
    		release_writer_object(&wo);
    		return -1;
    	}
    
    	size_vhd(&wo);
    
    	/* read data from the data file, then write it to VHD image file */
    	data_file_size = get_file_size_by_name(data_file_name);
    	if (data_file_size == 0) { 
    		__err("Data file is invaild");
    		release_writer_object(&wo);
    		return -1;
    	}
    
    	int64_t total_written_bytes = write_hvd_sector_from_data_file(&wo, lba, data_file_name);
    	writer_error err = get_last_error(&wo);
    	if (err == LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE) { 
    		__err("LBA is out of range (0 - %d)", wo.size / 512 - 1);
    		release_writer_object(&wo);
    		return -1;
    	}
    	else if (err == OPEN_FILE_ERROR) { 
    		__err("Open data file error");
    		release_writer_object(&wo);
    		return -1;
    	}
    
    	fprintf(stdout, "Data: %s\nVHD: %s (offset LBA: %lld)\nTotal bytes to write: %lld\nTotal sectors to write: %lld\nTotal bytes written: %lld\nTotal sectors written: %lld\n",
    		data_file_name, vhd_file_name, lba, data_file_size, data_file_size / 512 + (data_file_size % 512 != 0), total_written_bytes, total_written_bytes / 512 + (total_written_bytes % 512 != 0));
    
    	if (total_written_bytes < data_file_size) { 
    		fprintf(stdout, "\n!!! Detected the tail of VHD image file, the writing data has been truncated!\n");
    	}
    
    	release_writer_object(&wo);
    	return 0;
    }
    
    #ifdef __cplusplus 
    }
    #endif

### 解决编译问题 ###

执行make命令，报错如下：

> $ make  
> gcc -o FixVhdWr FixVhdWr.c -m32  
>   
>   
> In file included from FixVhdWr.c:2:  
> /usr/include/stdlib.h:25:10: fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory  
> 25 | \#include <bits/libc-header-start.h>  
> | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  
> compilation terminated.  
> make: \*\*\* \[Makefile:5: FixVhdWr\] Error 1

之所以会报错fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory，是因为这是64位系统，缺少32位库文件。安装32位库文件如下所示：

> $ sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib

之后再执行make命令，编译通过，如下所示：  
![在这里插入图片描述][20200704180105957.gif]

### 将FixVhdWr添加至环境变量PATH中 ###

1.  首先查看FixVhdWr程序所在路径如下图所示：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]  
    可以看到路径为/home/macrofun/MyUtil/Fixed-Vhd-Writer
2.  打开.bashrc文件，将上述路径添加至PATH中，输入如下内容：
    
    > PATH=/home/macrofun/MyUtil/Fixed-Vhd-Writer:$PATH
3.  测试环境变量是否添加成功  
    重新打开终端，输入FixVhdWr后回车，如下图所示即表示配置成功：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

# 测试开发环境 #

下面我们使用本书检测点4.2中习题1的测试代码，用以测试我们之前配置的环境是否可以正常工作。

1.  汇编源码如下所示：
    
        ; 检测点4-2的正确汇编代码
        mov ax,0xb800                 
        mov ds,ax
        
        mov byte [0x00],'a'
        mov byte [0x02],'s'
        mov byte [0x04],'m'     
        
        jmp $
        times 510-($-$$) db 0
        db 0x55,0xaa
2.  将上述代码保存为checkPoint4\_2.s文件，之后使用nasm工具进行编译，如下所示：
    
    > $ nasm -f bin checkPoint4\_2.s -o checkPoint4\_2.bin
    
    编译成功后如下图所示：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Jha2VyVGhlR3JlYXQ_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]
3.  使用FixVhdWr将上一步编译出来的checkPoint4\_2.bin写入虚拟机的VHD硬盘的0号扇区，以便虚拟机启动时自动加载运行。  
    FixVhdWr需要使用三个参数，-r后面指定待写入的二进制bin文件；-w后面指定待写入的虚拟硬盘VHD文件；-a后面指定LBA的编号。
    
    > $ FixVhdWr -r checkPoint4\_2.bin -a 0 -w ~/VirtualBoxVMs/x86AsmLab/x86AsmLab.vhd  
    >   
    >   
    > Data: checkPoint4\_2.bin  
    > VHD: /home/macrofun/VirtualBoxVMs/x86AsmLab/x86AsmLab.vhd (offset LBA: 0)  
    > Total bytes to write: 512  
    > Total sectors to write: 1  
    > Total bytes written: 512  
    > Total sectors written: 1
4.  之后启动Virtualbox虚拟机即可，如果虚拟机屏幕的左上角上显示asm三个字母，则表示环境配置成功，代码正确运行。如下图所示：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][20200704195931952.gif]

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[x86]: https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xE411N74T
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