决策树
决策树对实例进行分类的树形结构,由节点和有向边组成。其实很像平时画的流程图。
学习决策树之前要搞懂几个概念:
熵:表示随机变量不确定性的度量,定义:H(p)=-
信息增益:集合D的经验熵与特征A条件下D的经验条件熵H(D/A)之差(公式省略,自行查找)
信息增益比:信息增益g(D,A)与训练数据集D关于特征A的值得熵HA(D)之比(公式省略)
基尼系数:(公式省略)
以上几个公式要牢记并学会推到。
具体计算过程:
ID3算法:寻找信息增益最大的特征
C4.5 寻找信息增益比最大的特征
另外有CART树算法,使用基尼系数来确定特征选择部分。
树的剪枝分为前剪枝和后剪枝。目的为防止过拟合。
前剪枝即为在树的构建过程中,若新增加的分支未使得准确率增加,则不进行该分支操作。
后剪枝即构建完决策树之后,从最底部的分支开始,若去掉该分支,分类准确性增加,则去掉该分支,否则保留。
def chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet):#关键部分代码为寻找最优特征,寻找使得信息增益最大的特征
numFeatures = len(dataSet[0]) - 1 # the last column is used for the labels
baseEntropy = calcShannonEnt(dataSet)
bestInfoGain = 0.0;
bestFeature = -1
for i in range(numFeatures): # iterate over all the features
featList = [example[i] for example in dataSet] # create a list of all the examples of this feature
uniqueVals = set(featList) # get a set of unique values
newEntropy = 0.0
for value in uniqueVals:
subDataSet = splitDataSet(dataSet, i, value)
prob = len(subDataSet) / float(len(dataSet))
newEntropy += prob * calcShannonEnt(subDataSet)
infoGain = baseEntropy - newEntropy # calculate the info gain; ie reduction in entropy
if (infoGain > bestInfoGain): # compare this to the best gain so far
bestInfoGain = infoGain # if better than current best, set to best
bestFeature = i
return bestFeature # returns an integer
def createTree(dataSet, labels): #构建决策树,寻找最优特征,做为根节点,之后根据特征分为几类,进行递归,最终形成完整决策树
classList = [example[-1] for example in dataSet]
if classList.count(classList[0]) == len(classList):
return classList[0] # stop splitting when all of the classes are equal
if len(dataSet[0]) == 1: # stop splitting when there are no more features in dataSet
return majorityCnt(classList)
bestFeat = chooseBestFeatureToSplit(dataSet)
bestFeatLabel = labels[bestFeat]
myTree = {bestFeatLabel: {}}
del (labels[bestFeat])
featValues = [example[bestFeat] for example in dataSet]
uniqueVals = set(featValues)
for value in uniqueVals:
subLabels = labels[:] # copy all of labels, so trees don't mess up existing labels
myTree[bestFeatLabel][value] = createTree(splitDataSet(dataSet, bestFeat, value), subLabels)
return myTree
对应SKlearn中的API接口:
DecisionTreeClassifier 分类,注意此方法只有前剪枝选项。
DecisionTreeRegressor 回归。
转载于//www.cnblogs.com/the-home-of-123/p/9174426.html
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