快速上手Linux核心命令（十）：Linux安装软件

系统管理员 2024-03-17 09:55 62阅读 0赞

#### 前言 ####

这期呢主要说一说Linux中包软件管理相关命令，这一期的命令虽然只有两个。但 软件包的安装和卸载都是我们平常最常用的，需要熟练掌握。

rpm和yum 是CentOS 主要的包软件管理。

两个命令各有用处，①yum需要互联网，yum会去网上的yum源获取所需的软件包

② rpm 操作相对复杂，需要我们做得更多

![37e3ff0cf1bcc88f18f1c871ac82c3f3.png][]

#### rpm rpm包管理器 ####

1、简介

> rpm 命令包含了安装、卸载、升级、查询和验证5个基本功能

2、语法格式

rpm [参数选项]

3、参数选项

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>参数</th> 
   <th>参数说明</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-q</td> 
   <td>查询软件包</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-p</td> 
   <td>后面接“.rpm”为后缀的软件包</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-i</td> 
   <td>①与-qp配合使用，表示显示软件包的概要信息 info<br> ②安装软件包 install</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-l</td> 
   <td>显示软件包种所有文件列表</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-R</td> 
   <td>显示软件包依赖环境</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-v</td> 
   <td>显示详细信息</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-h</td> 
   <td>用“#” 显示安装进度条</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-a</td> 
   <td>与-q参数搭配使用，用于查询所有的软件包</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-e</td> 
   <td>卸载软件包</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-f</td> 
   <td>查询文件或命令属于哪个软件包</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-U</td> 
   <td>升级软件包</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

4、 实践操作

我们下载一个rpm包telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86\_64.rpm作为后续实践操作文件

[root@xiezhr test]# wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.9.2009/updates/x86_64/Packages/telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm
    --2022-08-02 22:47:29--  https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.9.2009/updates/x86_64/Packages/telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm
    Resolving mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 101.226.26.240, 101.226.26.241, 101.226.26.242, ...
    Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|101.226.26.240|:443... connected.
    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
    Length: 42148 (41K) [application/octet-stream]
    Saving to: ‘telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm’
    
    100%[========================================================================================================================================================================>] 42,148      --.-K/s   in 0.01s   
    
    2022-08-02 22:47:29 (3.70 MB/s) - ‘telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm’ saved [42148/42148]

① 查看rpm包信息

[root@xiezhr test]# rpm -qpi telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm
    Name        : telnet-server
    Epoch       : 1
    Version     : 0.17
    Release     : 66.el7
    Architecture: x86_64
    Install Date: (not installed)
    Group       : System Environment/Daemons
    Size        : 56361
    License     : BSD
    Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Wed 18 Nov 2020 10:20:43 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
    Source RPM  : telnet-0.17-66.el7.src.rpm
    Build Date  : Tue 17 Nov 2020 12:44:28 AM CST
    Build Host  : x86-01.bsys.centos.org
    Relocations : (not relocatable)
    Packager    : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
    Vendor      : CentOS
    URL         : http://web.archive.org/web/20070819111735/www.hcs.harvard.edu/~dholland/computers/old-netkit.html
    Summary     : The server program for the Telnet remote login protocol
    Description :
    Telnet is a popular protocol for logging into remote systems over the
    Internet. The package includes a daemon that supports Telnet remote
    logins into the host machine. The daemon is disabled by default.
    You may enable the daemon by editing /etc/xinetd.d/telnet

② 查看rpm包内容

[root@xiezhr test]# rpm -qpl telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm
    /usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket
    /usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet@.service
    /usr/sbin/in.telnetd
    /usr/share/man/man5/issue.net.5.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/in.telnetd.8.gz
    /usr/share/man/man8/telnetd.8.gz

③ 查看rpm包的依赖环境

[root@xiezhr test]# rpm -qpR telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm 
    /bin/sh
    /bin/sh
    /bin/sh
    libc.so.6()(64bit)
    libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)
    libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.15)(64bit)
    libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.16)(64bit)
    libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
    libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3)(64bit)
    libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3.4)(64bit)
    libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4)(64bit)
    libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.8)(64bit)
    libutil.so.1()(64bit)
    libutil.so.1(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
    rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1
    rpmlib(FileDigests) <= 4.6.0-1
    rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1
    rtld(GNU_HASH)
    systemd
    systemd
    systemd
    systemd
    rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) <= 5.2-1

④ 安装rpm 包(**参数h 以“\#”显示进度条**)

[root@xiezhr test]# rpm -ivh telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64.rpm
    Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
    Updating / installing...
       1:telnet-server-1:0.17-66.el7      ################################# [100%]

⑤ 查询是否安装指定的rpm包

[root@xiezhr test]# rpm -qa telnet-server
    telnet-server-0.17-66.el7.x86_64

⑥ 卸载rpm 包

# 卸载刚才安装的telnet-server 
    [root@xiezhr test]# rpm -e telnet-server 
    # 再次查看rpm包，已经没有了，说明卸载成功了
    [root@xiezhr test]# rpm -qa telnet-server

#### yum 自动化RPM包管理工具 ####

1、简介

> yum 命令主要用于自动安装升级rpm软件包，需要连接互联网

2、语法格式

yum [参数选项] [指令] [软件包]

3、常用参数

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>参数</th> 
   <th>参数说明</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-y</td> 
   <td>确认操作</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-q</td> 
   <td>不输出信息</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>-v</td> 
   <td>显示详细信息</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

4、常用指令

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>指令</th> 
   <th>指令说明</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum install softwarename</td> 
   <td>安装softwarename包</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum repolist</td> 
   <td>列出启用的yum源</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum repolist all</td> 
   <td>列出所有yum,包括禁用的yum源</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum remove softwarename</td> 
   <td>卸载softwarename包</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum list softwarename</td> 
   <td>查看软件源中是否有此软件</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum list all</td> 
   <td>列出所有软件名称</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum list installd</td> 
   <td>列出已经安装的软件名称</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum list available</td> 
   <td>列出可以用yum安装的软件名称</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum clean all</td> 
   <td>清空yum缓存</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum search softwarename</td> 
   <td>根据软件信息搜索软件名字</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum whatprovides filename</td> 
   <td>在yum源中查找包含filename文件的软件包</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum update</td> 
   <td>更新软件</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum history</td> 
   <td>查看系统软件改变历史</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum reinstall softwarename</td> 
   <td>重新安装</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum info softwarename</td> 
   <td>查看软件信息</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum groups list</td> 
   <td>查看软件组信息</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum groups info softwaregroup</td> 
   <td>查看软件组内包含的软件</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>yum groups install softwaregroup</td> 
   <td>安装组件</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

5、实践操作

① 安装httpd包

[root@xiezhr ~]# yum install httpd
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
    epel                         | 4.7 kB  00:00:00     
    extras                       | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
    nodesource                   | 2.5 kB  00:00:00     
    os                           | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
    updates                      | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
    (1/4): epel/7/x86_64/group_gz          |  97 kB  00:00:00     
    (2/4): epel/7/x86_64/updateinfo        | 1.1 MB  00:00:00     
    (3/4): epel/7/x86_64/primary_db        | 7.0 MB  00:00:01     
    (4/4): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db  
    ...

② 查看yum源中是否是否有此软件

[root@xiezhr ~]# yum list telnet-server
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
    Available Packages
    telnet-server.x86_64                   1:0.17-66.el7                    updates

③ 清空yum 缓存

[root@xiezhr ~]# yum    clean all
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Cleaning repos: epel extras nodesource os updates

这期内容就到这，下期根据思维导图就到Linux用户相关命令的使用了。

[37e3ff0cf1bcc88f18f1c871ac82c3f3.png]: https://image.dandelioncloud.cn/pgy_files/images/2024/03/17/e5cd527da27b4f6db85a41835cf754c9.png