Ubuntu设设置默认外放和麦克风设备

比眉伴天荒 2024-02-18 13:29 14阅读 0赞

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#### 文章目录 ####

*  前言
 *  一、pulseaudio 是什么？
 *  二、配置外放
 *   *  1.查看所有的外放设备
     *  2.设定默认的外放设备
     *  3.设定外放设备的声音强度
     *  4.设定外放设备静音
 *  三、配置麦克风
 *   *  1.查看所有的麦克风设备
     *  2.设置默认麦克风设备
     *  3.设置麦克风设备声音强度
     *  4.设置麦克风设备静音
 *  总结

--------------------

## 前言 ##

最近在做一个项目，需要使用外放播放声音和麦克风拾取录音，然后还要用到摄像头。采购了一个麦克风和一个USB摄像头。结果部署过程中发现摄像头自带的麦克风被识别为默认麦克风，而且每次开机几乎都是这样，然后专业麦克风必须在声音页面选择才能指定为默认麦克风。

最终实现的需求是交付给客户后可以直接使用，肯定不可能让客户每次开机手动选择一下。

`没错，我们的项目就是每天定时拉闸关机，早上拉闸自启动！`

--------------------

## 一、pulseaudio 是什么？ ##

PulseAudio is a networked low-latency sound server for Linux, POSIX and Windows systems.

Ubuntu桌面版系统使用的就是pulseaudio ，我们的命令也和这个有关系。

## 二、配置外放 ##

### 1.查看所有的外放设备 ###

pacmd list-sinks
    
    1 sink(s) available.
      * index: 1
    	name: <alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo>
    	driver: <module-alsa-card.c>
    	flags: HARDWARE HW_MUTE_CTRL HW_VOLUME_CTRL DECIBEL_VOLUME LATENCY DYNAMIC_LATENCY
    	state: SUSPENDED
    	suspend cause: IDLE
    	priority: 9039
    	volume: front-left: 32768 /  50% / -18.06 dB,   front-right: 32768 /  50% / -18.06 dB
    	        balance 0.00
    	base volume: 65536 / 100% / 0.00 dB
    	volume steps: 65537
    	muted: no
    	current latency: 0.00 ms
    	max request: 0 KiB
    	max rewind: 0 KiB
    	monitor source: 1
    	sample spec: s16le 2ch 44100Hz
    	channel map: front-left,front-right
    	             Stereo
    	used by: 0
    	linked by: 0
    	configured latency: 0.00 ms; range is 0.50 .. 2000.00 ms
    	card: 1 <alsa_card.pci-0000_00_1b.0>
    	module: 23
    	properties:
    		alsa.resolution_bits = "16"
    		device.api = "alsa"
    		device.class = "sound"
    		alsa.class = "generic"
    		alsa.subclass = "generic-mix"
    		alsa.name = "CX20751/2 Analog"
    		alsa.id = "CX20751/2 Analog"
    		alsa.subdevice = "0"
    		alsa.subdevice_name = "subdevice #0"
    		alsa.device = "0"
    		alsa.card = "1"
    		alsa.card_name = "HDA Intel PCH"
    		alsa.long_card_name = "HDA Intel PCH at 0xc4314000 irq 50"
    		alsa.driver_name = "snd_hda_intel"
    		device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1b.0"
    		sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card1"
    		device.bus = "pci"
    		device.vendor.id = "8086"
    		device.vendor.name = "Intel Corporation"
    		device.product.id = "9ca0"
    		device.product.name = "Wildcat Point-LP High Definition Audio Controller"
    		device.form_factor = "internal"
    		device.string = "front:1"
    		device.buffering.buffer_size = "352800"
    		device.buffering.fragment_size = "176400"
    		device.access_mode = "mmap+timer"
    		device.profile.name = "analog-stereo"
    		device.profile.description = "Analog Stereo"
    		device.description = "Built-in Audio Analog Stereo"
    		module-udev-detect.discovered = "1"
    		device.icon_name = "audio-card-pci"
    	ports:
    		analog-output-speaker: Speakers (priority 10000, latency offset 0 usec, available: unknown)
    			properties:
    				device.icon_name = "audio-speakers"
    		analog-output-headphones: Headphones (priority 9900, latency offset 0 usec, available: no)
    			properties:
    				device.icon_name = "audio-headphones"
    	active port: <analog-output-speaker>

我使用的是笔记本内置外放，也没插额外的外放，所以列表里只有一个。

`注意index前面带星号的设备，那就是你当前的选定设备。`

### 2.设定默认的外放设备 ###

设定方法有两个，一是根据index来设定，二是根据name来设定。这里推荐使用name，因为index会变，不是说随时会变，而是每次开机都可能不一样，所以这个方法确认不是好方法。但，也不是说完全不行，只是需要经过稍微复杂点的处理，比如根据awk等工具预处理，找到你想要的那个index再使用，麻烦肯定是麻烦点。

而使用name设定就没有这个问题，前提是你没有改动过驱动等配置。

#必须使用当前登录桌面的用户
    pactl set-default-sink <name>
    #示例
    pactl set-default-sink alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo

成功shell返回0，失败查看具体提示

### 3.设定外放设备的声音强度 ###

先看下接受的数据格式：  
VOLUME can be specified as an integer (e.g. 2000, 16384), a linear factor  
(e.g. 0.4, 1.100), a percentage (e.g. 10%, 100%) or a decibel value (e.g. 0dB,  
20dB). If the volume specification start with a + or - the volume adjustment will  
be relative to the current sink volume. A single volume value affects all channels;  
if multiple volume values are given their number has to match the sink’s number of  
channels.

简单翻一下：支持整数，小数，百分比，分贝。这里我选择百分比，没别的原因，因为简单。`其他的方式不要滥用，最好带上耳塞，免得震聋耳朵！`

#必须使用当前登录桌面的用户
    pactl set-sink-volume <外放name> <百分比>
    #示例
    pactl set-sink-volume alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo 50%

执行成功shell返回0，失败查看具体提示。

### 4.设定外放设备静音 ###

理论上声音设置为0%也可以的，但是那不是真正的静音，至少0%音量或许只是声音特别小。

#必须使用当前登录桌面的用户
    pactl set-sink-mute <name> 1
    #示例
    pactl set-sink-mute alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo 1

![在这里插入图片描述][e8915f6615104babb853a008ffa14989.png]  
`仔细看喇叭图标上多了个禁止斜杠。`

下面是声音0%，不静音  
![在这里插入图片描述][cc492f6aa1434a9589bf05714d47cf65.png]  
`这下看出差别了吧！`

## 三、配置麦克风 ##

### 1.查看所有的麦克风设备 ###

#必须使用当前登录桌面的用户
    pacmd list-sources
    
    2 source(s) available.
        index: 1
    	name: <alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo.monitor>
    	driver: <module-alsa-card.c>
    	flags: DECIBEL_VOLUME LATENCY DYNAMIC_LATENCY
    	state: IDLE
    	suspend cause: (none)
    	priority: 1030
    	volume: front-left: 65536 / 100% / 0.00 dB,   front-right: 65536 / 100% / 0.00 dB
    	        balance 0.00
    	base volume: 65536 / 100% / 0.00 dB
    	volume steps: 65537
    	muted: no
    	current latency: 0.00 ms
    	max rewind: 344 KiB
    	sample spec: s16le 2ch 44100Hz
    	channel map: front-left,front-right
    	             Stereo
    	used by: 0
    	linked by: 0
    	configured latency: 2000.00 ms; range is 0.50 .. 2000.00 ms
    	monitor_of: 1
    	card: 1 <alsa_card.pci-0000_00_1b.0>
    	module: 23
    	properties:
    		device.description = "Monitor of Built-in Audio Analog Stereo"
    		device.class = "monitor"
    		alsa.card = "1"
    		alsa.card_name = "HDA Intel PCH"
    		alsa.long_card_name = "HDA Intel PCH at 0xc4314000 irq 50"
    		alsa.driver_name = "snd_hda_intel"
    		device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1b.0"
    		sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card1"
    		device.bus = "pci"
    		device.vendor.id = "8086"
    		device.vendor.name = "Intel Corporation"
    		device.product.id = "9ca0"
    		device.product.name = "Wildcat Point-LP High Definition Audio Controller"
    		device.form_factor = "internal"
    		device.string = "1"
    		module-udev-detect.discovered = "1"
    		device.icon_name = "audio-card-pci"
      * index: 2
    	name: <alsa_input.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo>
    	driver: <module-alsa-card.c>
    	flags: HARDWARE HW_MUTE_CTRL HW_VOLUME_CTRL DECIBEL_VOLUME LATENCY DYNAMIC_LATENCY
    	state: SUSPENDED
    	suspend cause: IDLE
    	priority: 9039
    	volume: front-left: 32768 /  50% / -18.06 dB,   front-right: 32768 /  50% / -18.06 dB
    	        balance 0.00
    	base volume: 13076 /  20% / -42.00 dB
    	volume steps: 65537
    	muted: no
    	current latency: 0.00 ms
    	max rewind: 0 KiB
    	sample spec: s16le 2ch 44100Hz
    	channel map: front-left,front-right
    	             Stereo
    	used by: 0
    	linked by: 0
    	configured latency: 0.00 ms; range is 0.50 .. 2000.00 ms
    	card: 1 <alsa_card.pci-0000_00_1b.0>
    	module: 23
    	properties:
    		alsa.resolution_bits = "16"
    		device.api = "alsa"
    		device.class = "sound"
    		alsa.class = "generic"
    		alsa.subclass = "generic-mix"
    		alsa.name = "CX20751/2 Analog"
    		alsa.id = "CX20751/2 Analog"
    		alsa.subdevice = "0"
    		alsa.subdevice_name = "subdevice #0"
    		alsa.device = "0"
    		alsa.card = "1"
    		alsa.card_name = "HDA Intel PCH"
    		alsa.long_card_name = "HDA Intel PCH at 0xc4314000 irq 50"
    		alsa.driver_name = "snd_hda_intel"
    		device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1b.0"
    		sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card1"
    		device.bus = "pci"
    		device.vendor.id = "8086"
    		device.vendor.name = "Intel Corporation"
    		device.product.id = "9ca0"
    		device.product.name = "Wildcat Point-LP High Definition Audio Controller"
    		device.form_factor = "internal"
    		device.string = "front:1"
    		device.buffering.buffer_size = "352800"
    		device.buffering.fragment_size = "176400"
    		device.access_mode = "mmap+timer"
    		device.profile.name = "analog-stereo"
    		device.profile.description = "Analog Stereo"
    		device.description = "Built-in Audio Analog Stereo"
    		module-udev-detect.discovered = "1"
    		device.icon_name = "audio-card-pci"
    	ports:
    		analog-input-internal-mic: Internal Microphone (priority 8900, latency offset 0 usec, available: unknown)
    			properties:
    				device.icon_name = "audio-input-microphone"
    		analog-input-mic: Microphone (priority 8700, latency offset 0 usec, available: no)
    			properties:
    				device.icon_name = "audio-input-microphone"
    	active port: <analog-input-internal-mic>

### 2.设置默认麦克风设备 ###

和外放一样不建议使用index，原因就是重启顺序可能会变，还是使用name。

假如你不止插入一个麦克风设备（比如3.5耳机孔+USB麦克风并存）。你只需要记住你需要设置的麦克风设备的名字即可。

`我这里是index前面带星号的设备，就是我目前的麦克风设备。`

#必须使用当前登录桌面的用户
    pactl set-default-sources <name>
    #示例
    pactl set-default-sources alsa_input.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo

执行成功shell返回0，失败查看具体提示。

### 3.设置麦克风设备声音强度 ###

基本和外放一样，这里直接贴命令了，不赘述了。

`多说一句，尽量不要调太高，会出现破音，基本能够满足需要就行了。`

#必须使用当前登录桌面的用户
    pactl set-source-volume <name> <百分比>
    #示例
    pactl set-source-volume alsa_input.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo 50%

执行成功shell返回0，失败查看具体提示。

### 4.设置麦克风设备静音 ###

基本和外放一样，这里直接贴命令了，不赘述了。

#必须使用当前登录桌面的用户
    pactl set-source-mute <name> 1
    #示例
    pactl set-source-mute alsa_input.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo 1

执行成功shell返回0，失败查看具体提示。

--------------------

## 总结 ##

1、注意不能用root权限，需要你登录desktop的那个用户执行命令  
2、linux上搞外设比windows还是差点，你只能指望有声音，不能指望它能带给你什么惊喜，可能是糟心呢。小声告诉你bug不少！  
3、有什么疑问的可以留言

[e8915f6615104babb853a008ffa14989.png]: https://image.dandelioncloud.cn/pgy_files/images/2024/02/18/8536d202722b429a9e12e6ba9ae216b5.png
[cc492f6aa1434a9589bf05714d47cf65.png]: https://image.dandelioncloud.cn/pgy_files/images/2024/02/18/7d4589c1ced0476a8f308b3561a55514.png