Linux查看CPU信息[//proc/loadavg]

妖狐艹你老母 2023-10-16 21:19 47阅读 0赞

### 工作原理：基于/proc 文件系统 ###

Linux 系统为管理员提供了非常好的方法，使其可以在系统运行时更改内核，而不需要重新引导内核系统，这是通过/proc 虚拟文件系统实现的。/proc 文件虚拟系统是一种内核和内核模块用来向进程（process）发送信息的机制（所以叫做“/proc”），这个伪文件系统允许与内核内部数据结构交互，获取有关进程的有用信息，在运行中（on the fly）改变设置（通过改变内核参数）。与其他文件系统不同，/proc 存在于内存而不是硬盘中。proc 文件系统提供的信息如下：

进程信息：系统中的任何一个进程，在 proc 的子目录中都有一个同名的进程 ID，可以找到 cmdline、mem、root、stat、statm，以及 status。某些信息只有超级用户可见，例如进程根目录。每一个单独含有现有进程信息的进程有一些可用的专门链接，系统中的任何一个进程都有一个单独的自链接指向进程信息，其用处就是从进程中获取命令行信息。

系统信息：如果需要了解整个系统信息中也可以从/proc/stat 中获得，其中包括 CPU 占用情况、磁盘空间、内存对换、中断等。

CPU 信息：利用/proc/CPUinfo 文件可以获得中央处理器的当前准确信息。

负载信息：/proc/loadavg 文件包含系统负载信息。

系统内存信息：/proc/meminfo 文件包含系统内存的详细信息，其中显示物理内存的数量、可用交换空间的数量，以及空闲内存的数量等。

表 1 是 /proc 目录中的主要文件的说明：

###### 表 1 /proc 目录中的主要文件的说明 ######

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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:2px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(153,153,153); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">高级电源管理信息</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">这个文件给出了内核启动的命令行</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">中央处理器信息</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">可以用到的设备（块设备/字符设备）</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">显示当前使用的 DMA 通道</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">核心配置的文件系统</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">当前使用的 I/O 端口</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">这个文件的每一行都有一个保留的中断</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">系统物理内存映像</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">核心输出的消息，被送到日志文件</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">系统平均负载均衡</code></td> 
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   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">meminfo</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">存储器使用信息，包括物理内存和交换内存</code></td> 
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  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">modules</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">这个文件给出可加载内核模块的信息。lsmod 程序用这些信息显示有关模块的名称，大小，使用数目方面的信息</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">net</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">网络协议状态信息</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">partitions</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">系统识别的分区表</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">pci</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">pci 设备信息</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">scsi</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">scsi 设备信息</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">self</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">到查看/proc 程序进程目录的符号连接</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">stat</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">这个文件包含的信息有 CPU 利用率，磁盘，内存页，内存对换，全部中断，接触开关以及赏赐自举时间</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">swaps</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">显示的是交换分区的使用情况</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">uptime</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">这个文件给出自从上次系统自举以来的秒数，以及其中有多少秒处于空闲</code></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:baseline"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 10px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:0px; border-left-style:none; border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">version</code></td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:8px 5px 5px 3px; outline:0px; font-size:undefined; vertical-align:top; border-left-width:3px; border-left-style:solid; border-left-color:rgb(255,255,255); border-top-width:1px; border-top-style:solid; border-top-color:rgb(221,221,221); color:rgb(85,85,85); border-right-width:0px; border-right-style:none"> <code style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; outline:0px; font-size:0.95em!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:'Andale Mono','Lucida Console',Monaco,Liberation,fixed,monospace; line-height:1.5em; color:rgb(102,102,102)!important">这个文件只有一行内容，说明正在运行的内核版本。可以用标准的编程方法进行分析获得所需的系统信息</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

`下面本文的几个例子都是使用``Python 脚本``读取`/proc 目录中的主要文件来实现`实现对 Linux 服务器的监控的 。`

#### 使用 Python 脚本实现对 Linux 服务器的监控 ####

#### 对于 CPU（中央处理器）监测 ####

脚本 1 名称 CPU1.py，作用获取 CPU 的信息。

###### 清单 1.获取 CPU 的信息 ######

#!/usr/bin/env Python
    from __future__ import print_function
    from collections import OrderedDict
    import pprint
    
    def CPUinfo():
        ''' Return the information in /proc/CPUinfo
        as a dictionary in the following format:
        CPU_info['proc0']={...}
        CPU_info['proc1']={...}
        '''
        CPUinfo=OrderedDict()
        procinfo=OrderedDict()
    
        nprocs = 0
        with open('/proc/CPUinfo') as f:
            for line in f:
                if not line.strip():
                    # end of one processor
                    CPUinfo['proc%s' % nprocs] = procinfo
                    nprocs=nprocs+1
                    # Reset
                    procinfo=OrderedDict()
                else:
                    if len(line.split(':')) == 2:
                        procinfo[line.split(':')[0].strip()] = line.split(':')[1].strip()
                    else:
                        procinfo[line.split(':')[0].strip()] = ''
                
        return CPUinfo
    
    if __name__=='__main__':
        CPUinfo = CPUinfo()
        for processor in CPUinfo.keys():
            print(CPUinfo[processor]['model name'])

简单说明一下清单 1，读取/proc/CPUinfo 中的信息，返回 list，每核心一个 dict。其中 list 是一个使用方括号括起来的有序元素集合。List 可以作为以 0 下标开始的数组。Dict 是 Python 的内置数据类型之一, 它定义了键和值之间一对一的关系。OrderedDict 是一个字典子类，可以记住其内容增加的顺序。常规 dict 并不跟踪插入顺序，迭代处理时会根据键在散列表中存储的顺序来生成值。在 OrderedDict 中则相反，它会记住元素插入的顺序，并在创建迭代器时使用这个顺序。

可以使用 Python 命令运行脚本 CPU1.py 结果见图 1

# Python CPU1.py 
    Intel(R) Celeron(R) CPU E3200  @ 2.40GHz

###### 图 1.运行清单 1 ######

![运行清单 1][1]

也可以使用 chmod 命令添加权限收直接运行 CPU1.py

#chmod +x CPU1.py
    # ./CPU1.py

#### 对于系统负载监测 ####

脚本 2 名称 CPU2.py，作用获取系统的负载信息

###### 清单 2 获取系统的负载信息 ######

#!/usr/bin/env Python   
    import os 
    def load_stat(): 
        loadavg = {} 
        f = open("/proc/loadavg") 
        con = f.read().split() 
        f.close() 
        loadavg['lavg_1']=con[0] 
        loadavg['lavg_5']=con[1] 
        loadavg['lavg_15']=con[2] 
        loadavg['nr']=con[3] 
        loadavg['last_pid']=con[4] 
        return loadavg 
    print "loadavg",load_stat()['lavg_15']

简单说明一下清单 2：清单 2 读取/proc/loadavg 中的信息，import os ：Python 中 import 用于导入不同的模块，包括系统提供和自定义的模块。其基本形式为：import 模块名 \[as 别名\]，如果只需要导入模块中的部分或全部内容可以用形式：from 模块名 import \*来导入相应的模块。OS 模块 os 模块提供了一个统一的操作系统接口函数，os 模块能在不同操作系统平台如 nt，posix 中的特定函数间自动切换，从而实现跨平台操作。

可以使用 Python 命令运行脚本 CPU1.py 结果见图 2 \# Python CPU2.py

###### 图 2.运行清单 2 ######

![运行清单 2][2]

#### 对于内存信息的获取 ####

脚本 3 名称 mem.py，作用是获取内存使用情况信息

###### 清单 3 获取内存使用情况 ######

#!/usr/bin/env Python
    
    from __future__ import print_function
    from collections import OrderedDict
    
    def meminfo():
        ''' Return the information in /proc/meminfo
        as a dictionary '''
        meminfo=OrderedDict()
    
        with open('/proc/meminfo') as f:
            for line in f:
                meminfo[line.split(':')[0]] = line.split(':')[1].strip()
        return meminfo
    
    if __name__=='__main__':
        #print(meminfo())
        
        meminfo = meminfo()
        print('Total memory: {0}'.format(meminfo['MemTotal']))
        print('Free memory: {0}'.format(meminfo['MemFree']))

简单说明一下清单 3：清单 3 读取 proc/meminfo 中的信息，Python 字符串的 split 方法是用的频率还是比较多的。比如我们需要存储一个很长的数据，并且按照有结构的方法存储，方便以后取数据进行处理。当然可以用 json 的形式。但是也可以把数据存储到一个字段里面，然后有某种标示符来分割。 Python 中的 strip 用于去除字符串的首位字符，最后清单 3 打印出内存总数和空闲数。

可以使用 Python 命令运行脚本 mem.py 结果见图 3。 \# Python mem.py

###### 图 3.运行清单 3 ######

![运行清单 3][3]

#### 对于网络接口的监测 ####

脚本 4 名称是 net.py，作用获取网络接口的使用情况。

###### 清单 4 net.py 获取网络接口的输入和输出 ######

#!/usr/bin/env Python
    import time
    import sys
    
    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
    	INTERFACE = sys.argv[1]
    else:
    	INTERFACE = 'eth0'
    STATS = []
    print 'Interface:',INTERFACE
    
    def	rx():
    	ifstat = open('/proc/net/dev').readlines()
    	for interface in  ifstat:
    		if INTERFACE in interface:
    			stat = float(interface.split()[1])
    			STATS[0:] = [stat]
    
    def	tx():
    	ifstat = open('/proc/net/dev').readlines()
    	for interface in  ifstat:
    		if INTERFACE in interface:
    			stat = float(interface.split()[9])
    			STATS[1:] = [stat]
    
    print	'In			Out'
    rx()
    tx()
    
    while	True:
    	time.sleep(1)
    	rxstat_o = list(STATS)
    	rx()
    	tx()
    	RX = float(STATS[0])
    	RX_O = rxstat_o[0]
    	TX = float(STATS[1])
    	TX_O = rxstat_o[1]
    	RX_RATE = round((RX - RX_O)/1024/1024,3)
    	TX_RATE = round((TX - TX_O)/1024/1024,3)
    	print RX_RATE ,'MB		',TX_RATE ,'MB'

简单说明一下清单 4：清单 4 读取/proc/net/dev 中的信息，Python 中文件操作可以通过 open 函数，这的确很像 C 语言中的 fopen。通过 open 函数获取一个 file object，然后调用 read()，write()等方法对文件进行读写操作。另外 Python 将文本文件的内容读入可以操作的字符串变量非常容易。文件对象提供了三个“读”方法： read()、readline() 和 readlines()。每种方法可以接受一个变量以限制每次读取的数据量，但它们通常不使用变量。 .read() 每次读取整个文件，它通常用于将文件内容放到一个字符串变量中。然而 .read() 生成文件内容最直接的字符串表示，但对于连续的面向行的处理，它却是不必要的，并且如果文件大于可用内存，则不可能实现这种处理。.readline() 和 .readlines() 之间的差异是后者一次读取整个文件，象 .read() 一样。.readlines() 自动将文件内容分析成一个行的列表，该列表可以由 Python 的 for ... in ... 结构进行处理。另一方面，.readline() 每次只读取一行，通常比 .readlines() 慢得多。仅当没有足够内存可以一次读取整个文件时，才应该使用 .readline()。最后清单 4 打印出网络接口的输入和输出情况。

可以使用 Python 命令运行脚本 net.py 结果见图 4 \#Python net.py

###### 图 4.运行清单 4 ######

![运行清单 4][4]

#### 监控 Apache 服务器进程的 Python 脚本 ####

Apache 服务器进程可能会因为系统各种原因而出现异常退出，导致 Web 服务暂停。所以笔者写一个 Python 脚本文件：

###### 清单 5 crtrl.py 监控 Apache 服务器进程的 Python 脚本 ######

#!/usr/bin/env Python 
    import os, sys, time 
    
    while True: 
    time.sleep(4) 
    try: 
    ret = os.popen('ps -C apache -o pid,cmd').readlines() 
    if len(ret) < 2: 
    print "apache 进程异常退出， 4 秒后重新启动" 
    time.sleep(3) 
    os.system("service apache2 restart") 
    except: 
    print "Error", sys.exc_info()[1]

设置文件权限为执行属性（使用命令 chmod +x crtrl.py），然后加入到/etc/rc.local 即可，一旦 Apache 服务器进程异常退出，该脚本自动检查并且重启。 简单说明一下清单 5 这个脚本不是基于/proc 伪文件系统的，是基于 Python 自己提供的一些模块来实现的 。这里使用的是 Python 的内嵌 time 模板，time 模块提供各种操作时间的函数。

[1]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/1312_caojh_pythonlinux/image002.png
[2]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/1312_caojh_pythonlinux/image004.png
[3]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/1312_caojh_pythonlinux/image006.png
[4]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/1312_caojh_pythonlinux/image008.png