Linux 指令学习之ping

迈不过友情╰ 2023-10-10 16:02 51阅读 0赞

## ping 简介 ##

> ping命令的功能是用于测试主机间网络连通性，发送出基于 ICMP传输协议的数据包，要求对方主机予以回复，若对方主机的网络功能没有问题且防火墙放行流量，则就会回复该信息，我们也就可得知对方主机系统在线并运行正常了。  
> ping命令用于：确定网络和各外部主机的状态;跟踪和隔离硬件和软件问题;测 试、评估和管理网络。如果主机正在运行并连在网上，它就对回送信号进行响应。每个回送信号请求包含一个网际协议(ip)和 icmp 头，后面紧跟一 个 tim 结构，以及来填写这个信息包的足够的字节。缺省情况是连续发送回送信号请求直到接收到中断信号(ctrl-c)。  
> ping 命 令每秒发送一个数据报并且为每个接收到的响应打印一行输出。ping 命令计算信号往返时间和(信息)包丢失情况的统计信息，并且在完成之后显示一个简要 总结。ping 命令在程序超时或当接收到 sigint 信号时结束。host 参数或者是一个有效的主机名或者是因特网地址。  
> 我们需要注意的是Linux与Windows相比有一定差异， Windows系统下的ping命令会发送出去4个请求后自动结束该命令；而Linux系统则不会自动终止，需要用户手动按下组合键“Ctrl+c”才能结束，或是发起命令时加入-c参数限定发送个数。

## ping 语法格式 ##

**语法格式：**ping \[参数\] 目标主机

**常用参数：**

<table style="table-layout:fixed;width:28px;"> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-d</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">使用Socket的SO_DEBUG功能</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-c</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">指定发送报文的次数</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-i</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">指定收发信息的间隔时间</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-I</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">使用指定的网络接口送出数据包</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-l</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">设置在送出要求信息之前，先行发出的数据包</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-n</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">只输出数值</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-p</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">设置填满数据包的范本样式</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-q</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">不显示指令执行过程</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-R</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">记录路由过程</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-s</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">设置数据包的大小</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-t</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">设置存活数值TTL的大小</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="width:238px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">-v</td> 
 <td style="width:611px;vertical-align:top;height:52px;">详细显示指令的执行过程</td> 
 </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

## ping 实例 ##

> 每隔0.3秒ping一次，一共ping 5次

[root@localhost ~]# ping -c 5 -i 0.3 www.baidu.com
    PING www.a.shifen.com (163.177.151.110) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=52.8 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=59.2 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=70.6 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=51.1 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=58.6 ms
    
    --- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
    5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 10995ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 51.178/58.507/70.622/6.831 ms

功能拓展 ：将ping指令输出结果写入指定文件中（ping 指令重定向指定文本中）

[root@localhost home]# ping -c 5 -i 0.3 www.baidu.com >> pinglog.txt
    [root@localhost home]# ll
    总用量 44
    drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root    24 1月  13 14:27 logs
    -rw-r--r--. 1 root root   626 1月  13 14:29 pinglog.txt
    -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 36358 8月   2 13:55 rabbitmq_delayed_message_exchange-3.9.0.ez
    drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root  4096 10月 18 19:57 shell
    [root@localhost home]# cat pinglog.txt
    PING www.a.shifen.com (163.177.151.109) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=72.8 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=77.3 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=202 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=111 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=158 ms
    
    --- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
    5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 11008ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 72.818/124.515/202.956/49.753 ms

[root@localhost home]# ping www.baidu.com
    PING www.a.shifen.com (163.177.151.109) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=70.8 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=106 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=63.0 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=101 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=59.2 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=6 ttl=128 time=60.8 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=7 ttl=128 time=54.6 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=8 ttl=128 time=55.8 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=9 ttl=128 time=52.8 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=10 ttl=128 time=51.1 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=11 ttl=128 time=87.9 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=12 ttl=128 time=83.5 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=13 ttl=128 time=52.6 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=14 ttl=128 time=72.3 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=15 ttl=128 time=64.7 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.109 (163.177.151.109): icmp_seq=16 ttl=128 time=65.1 ms
    ^C
    --- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
    17 packets transmitted, 16 received, 5% packet loss, time 25125ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 51.124/68.896/106.176/16.753 ms

> 测试与指定网站服务器之间的网络连通性，发送4次请求数据包

[root@localhost home]# ping -c 4 www.baidu.com
    PING www.a.shifen.com (163.177.151.110) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=139 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=83.0 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=72.8 ms
    64 bytes from 163.177.151.110 (163.177.151.110): icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=69.4 ms
    
    --- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
    4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 12168ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 69.482/91.226/139.472/28.301 ms