Django-rest-framework 03（实例：用户注册、超级用户、认证、权限）

红太狼 2023-10-08 12:01 13阅读 0赞

#### Django-rest-framework 03 ####

*   *  1、创建一个新应用
     *   *  1.1、创建 User表
         *  1.2、新建序列化器
         *  1.3、运行测试
     *  2、用户注册、登录
     *   *  2.1、创建超级用户
         *  2.2、注册、登录
         *  2.3、用户认证
     *  3、用户权限
     *   *  3.1、新建auth.py
         *  3.2、视图
         *  3.3、测试
     *  代码总结

### 1、创建一个新应用 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
在setting里面配置这个应用  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

#### 1.1、创建 User表 ####

模型  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

from django.db import models
    
    
    class User(models.Model):
        # unique=True 用户名不能重复
        u_name = models.CharField(max_length=32,unique=True)
        u_password = models.CharField(max_length=256)
        is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
        is_super = models.BooleanField(default=False)

迁移  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

#### 1.2、新建序列化器 ####

新建序列化器：新建serializers.py,内容如下  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

from RESTuser.models import User
    from rest_framework import serializers
    
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = User
            fields = ('url', 'id', 'u_name', 'u_password', 'is_super')

视图  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

from RESTuser.models import User
    from RESTuser.serializers import UserSerializer
    from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView
    
    
    # ListCreateAPIView 获取列表数据，创建数据的类视图
    # 获取全部用户
    class UsersAPIView(ListCreateAPIView):
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
        queryset = User.objects.all()
    
    
    # 获取单个用户
    class UserAPIView(ListCreateAPIView):
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
        queryset = User.objects.all()

路由：在为应用RESTuser新建urls.py，内容如下

from RESTuser import views
    from django.urls import path, re_path
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('users/', views.UsersAPIView.as_view()),
        re_path('users/(?P<pk>\d+)/', views.UserAPIView.as_view(),name='user-detail'),
    
    ]

在根路由注册：

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

#### 1.3、运行测试 ####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]  
post请求  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

### 2、用户注册、登录 ###

在setting里把超级管理员的用户名注册了，然后注册该用户名时就自动把它设为超级管理员

#### 2.1、创建超级用户 ####

setting.py  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]  
视图  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]

from RESTuser.models import User
    from RESTuser.serializers import UserSerializer
    from rest_framework import status
    from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView
    
    # ListCreateAPIView 获取列表数据，创建数据的类视图
    # 获取全部用户
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from untitled.settings import SUPER_USER
    
    
    class UsersAPIView(ListCreateAPIView):
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
        queryset = User.objects.all()
    
        # 重写父类的create()方法，创建超级用户
        def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
            serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            self.perform_create(serializer)
    
            data = serializer.data
            u_name = data.get("u_name")
    
            # 如果该用户名在setting记录的超级用户中，就设置它为超级用户
            if u_name in SUPER_USER:
                u_id = data.get('id')
                user = User.objects.get(pk=u_id)
                user.is_super = True
                user.save()
                data.update({
        'is_super': 'True'})
            headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
            return Response(data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)
    
    
    # 获取单个用户
    class UserAPIView(ListCreateAPIView):
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
        queryset = User.objects.all()

尝试创建超级用户  
![v][]

#### 2.2、注册、登录 ####

这里登录要用到redis缓存，redis的安装和使用参考下面网址

https://blog.csdn.net/a__int__/article/details/103648033
    
     这个网址里的内容包含了使用redis出现问题的解决方案

在setting里面注册redis  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]

CACHES = {
        
        'default': {
        
            'BACKEND': 'django_redis.cache.RedisCache',
            'LOCATION': 'redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1',
            'OPTIONS': {
        
                'CLIENT_CLASS': 'django_redis.client.DefaultClient',
            },
            'TIMEOUT': 60 * 60 * 2
        }
    }

在serializers.py加入u\_password(前面我创建序列化器的时候没有加)  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]  
新建constants.py并写入一下内容  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]  
在视图里面重写post方法  
![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14][]

# 这个post可以同时接收注册、和登录过来的数据，用action区分
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            action = request.query_params.get('action')
            # 注册
            if action == HTTP_ACTION_REGISTER:
                return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
            # 登录
            elif action == HTTP_ACTION_LOGIN:
                u_name = request.data.get('u_name')
                u_password = request.data.get('u_password')
                try:
                    user = User.objects.get(u_name=u_name)
                    if user.u_password == u_password:
                        # 获取唯一标识码
                        token = uuid.uuid4().hex
                        # 登陆后会将标识码存入缓存
                        # cache.set(键, 值)
                        cache.set(token, user.id)
                        data = {
        
                            'msg': '登录成功',
                            'status': 200,
                            'token': token,
                        }
                        return Response(data)
                    else:
                        # 认证失败
                        raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed
                # 如果没有找到对应的用户，抛出异常
                except User.DoesNotExist:
                    # 一旦执行了raise语句，raise后面的语句将不能执行
                    raise exceptions.NotFound
            # 如果没有提供action，获取action没在我们规定的里面
            else:
                # ValidationError验证错误
                raise exceptions.ValidationError

测试：

注册用户

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]  
登录  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]

#### 2.3、用户认证 ####

限制获取用户条件，使得登陆了才能通过GET获取用户列表，

创建一个认证类auth.py（从获取token，并验证数据库里是否有该用户）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]

from RESTuser.models import User
    from django.core.cache import cache
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    
    
    class UserAuth(BaseAuthentication):
        # 重写认证方法
        def authenticate(self, request):
            # get请求获取数据是才验证权限，post等可能是注册或者登录，应该放开访问权限
            if request.method == 'GET':
                # request.query_params 这个获取的类型是 django里面的 QueryDict 类型
                token = request.query_params.get('token')
                try:
                    # 获取缓存里的标识码token
                    u_id = cache.get(token)
                    # 到数据库里匹配id
                    user = User.objects.get(pk=u_id)
                    # 如果没报异常返回user, token
                    return user, token
                except:
                    return

视图  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]

# authentication_classes认证类
        authentication_classes = (UserAuth,)
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            if isinstance(request.user, User):
                return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
            else:
                raise exceptions.NotAcceptable

### 3、用户权限 ###

超级用户登录后才能获取用户列表思路：新建auth.py重写权限has\_permission()方法，使其返回值为user的is\_super，这样超级用户就直接返回True了

#### 3.1、新建auth.py ####

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]

from RESTuser.models import User
    from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
    
    
    # BasePermission是rest_framework里权限管理的基类
    class IsSuperUser(BasePermission):
        def has_permission(self, request, view):
            # get请求获取数据是才验证权限，post等可能是注册或者登录，应该放开访问权限
            if request.method == 'GET':
                if isinstance(request.user, User):
                    return request.user.is_super
                return False
            return True

#### 3.2、视图 ####

先注释掉之前写的get方法（因为这里面写的是所有用户登陆后都能访问）  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]

# permission_classes权限类，这里IsSuperUser返回user的is_super
        permission_classes = (IsSuperUser,)

#### 3.3、测试 ####

运行  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]  
先注册一个非超级用户

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
登录  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]  
填写token，获取用户列表  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]  
登录一个超级用户试试  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]  
填写token，获取用户列表  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L2FfX2ludF9f_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]  
超级用户成功获取用户列表

### 代码总结 ###

视图所有代码

import uuid
    
    from RESTuser.auth import UserAuth
    from RESTuser.constants import HTTP_ACTION_REGISTER, HTTP_ACTION_LOGIN
    from RESTuser.models import User
    from RESTuser.permissions import IsSuperUser
    from RESTuser.serializers import UserSerializer
    from django.core.cache import cache
    from rest_framework import status, exceptions
    from rest_framework.generics import ListCreateAPIView
    from rest_framework.response import Response
    from untitled.settings import SUPER_USER
    
    
    # ListCreateAPIView 获取列表数据，创建数据的类视图
    # 获取全部用户
    class UsersAPIView(ListCreateAPIView):
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
        queryset = User.objects.all()
        # authentication_classes认证类，这里UserAuth认证该用户是否是数据库里的，如果是返回user, token
        authentication_classes = (UserAuth,)
        # permission_classes权限类，如果是get请求IsSuperUser返回user的is_super
        permission_classes = (IsSuperUser,)
    
        # def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        #     # 判断如果用户在数据库里，返回用户列表
        #     if isinstance(request.user, User):
        #         return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)
        #     else:
        #         raise exceptions.NotAcceptable
    
        # 这个post可以同时接收注册、和登录过来的数据，用action区分
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            action = request.query_params.get('action')
            # 注册
            if action == HTTP_ACTION_REGISTER:
                return self.create(request, *args, **kwargs)
            # 登录
            elif action == HTTP_ACTION_LOGIN:
                u_name = request.data.get('u_name')
                u_password = request.data.get('u_password')
                try:
                    user = User.objects.get(u_name=u_name)
                    if user.u_password == u_password:
                        # 获取唯一标识码
                        token = uuid.uuid4().hex
                        # 登陆后会将标识码存入缓存
                        # cache.set(键, 值)
                        cache.set(token, user.id)
                        data = {
        
                            'msg': '登录成功',
                            'status': 200,
                            'token': token,
                        }
                        return Response(data)
                    else:
                        # 认证失败
                        raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed
                # 如果没有找到对应的用户，抛出异常
                except User.DoesNotExist:
                    # 一旦执行了raise语句，raise后面的语句将不能执行
                    raise exceptions.NotFound
            # 如果没有提供action，获取action没在我们规定的里面
            else:
                # ValidationError验证错误
                raise exceptions.ValidationError
    
        # 重写父类的create()方法，创建超级用户
        def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
            serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
            self.perform_create(serializer)
    
            data = serializer.data
            u_name = data.get("u_name")
    
            # 如果该用户名在setting记录的超级用户中，就设置它为超级用户
            if u_name in SUPER_USER:
                u_id = data.get('id')
                user = User.objects.get(pk=u_id)
                user.is_super = True
                user.save()
                data.update({
        'is_super': 'True'})
            headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data)
            return Response(data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers)
    
    
    # 获取单个用户
    class UserAPIView(ListCreateAPIView):
        serializer_class = UserSerializer
        queryset = User.objects.all()

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