Go 语言编程 — net/http — 支持 HTTPS

爱被打了一巴掌 2023-10-06 13:36 20阅读 0赞

## 目录 ##

#### 文章目录 ####

*  目录
 *  前文列表
 *  单向认证
 *   *  HTTPS 服务端
     *  客户端
     *   *  浏览器客户端
         *  curl 客户端
         *  Golang net/http 客户端
 *  双向认证

## 前文列表 ##

《[互联网协议 — HTTP 超文本传输协议][_ HTTP]》  
《[互联网协议 — TLS 1.3 传输层安全协议][_ TLS 1.3]》  
《[互联网协议 — TLS — 安全四要素与 CA 认证][_ TLS _ _ CA]》  
《[互联网协议 — HTTPS 安全的超文本传输协议][_ HTTPS]》

## 单向认证 ##

### HTTPS 服务端 ###

Golang 要实现一个 HTTPS 并不困难，只需要使用 http.ListenAndServeTLS 代替 http.ListenAndServe 即可。前者多出了两个形参：certFile 和 keyFile，分别表示本地设备证书和对应的私钥的路径。笔者预先在本地自建了 CA 中心并签发了设备证书，域名为 www.example.com。

package main
    
    import (
        "fmt"
        "net/http"
    )
    
    func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        
        fmt.Fprintf(w,
            "Hi, This is an example of https service in golang!")
    }
    
    func main() {
        
        http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
        http.ListenAndServeTLS(":443",
            "/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/server.crt",
            "/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/server.key", nil)
    }

### 客户端 ###

#### 浏览器客户端 ####

当用户使用浏览器访问 http://www.example.com:443 时，会遭到拒接，错误为：NET::ERR\_CERT\_INVALID。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

可以查看到从 HTTPS 服务器下载到的设备证书的内容：

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

设备证书包含了设备公钥、数据签名、明文摘要（指纹）等数据。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

在建立 TLS 连接的过程中，需要完成两件事情：

1.  客户端使用 CA 证书解密得到设备公钥、数据签名。
2.  客户端使用协商的加密算法，根据设备证书的明文信息计算得到一份数据签名，用于与设备证书中的签名进行检验。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

数字签名校验用于完成服务端身份认证，设备公钥用于建立非对称加密传输通道，传输的是根据对称加密算法和随机数得到的一串临时对称密钥。这是最常见的混合加密系统。

用户可以强行访问，表示愿意进行非安全连接访问，这时 HTTPS 服务器的设备证书会被保留在操作系统并被信任。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

或者手动的将设备证书导入系统，并设置为信任。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

这样就可以建立安全访问了。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

**注意，手动导入证书属于 “人为的确认了证书的身份”，严格的说这并不安全。因为人为很难判断证书是否受过篡改或证书本身就是伪造的。所以，更常见的情况是，服务器会直接将 CA 证书返回给浏览器，并且这个 CA 证书的上层 CA 是权威机构颁发且本地信任的。基于 “证书信任链”，这样才能满足 TLS 安全四要素中的 “身份认证” 要求**。

#### curl 客户端 ####

用 curl 指令的话，不使用 CA 证书访问时会被拒绝掉：

$ curl -v -X GET https://www.example.com:443
    Note: Unnecessary use of -X or --request, GET is already inferred.
    *   Trying ::1...
    * TCP_NODELAY set
    * Connected to www.example.com (::1) port 443 (#0)
    * ALPN, offering h2
    * ALPN, offering http/1.1
    * successfully set certificate verify locations:
    *   CAfile: /etc/ssl/cert.pem
      CApath: none
    * TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
    * TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
    * TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
    * TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS alert, unknown CA (560):
    * SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate
    * Closing connection 0
    curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate
    More details here: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html
    
    curl failed to verify the legitimacy of the server and therefore could not
    establish a secure connection to it. To learn more about this situation and
    how to fix it, please visit the web page mentioned above.

需要使用 --cacert 选型：

$ curl -v -X GET https://www.example.com:443 --cacert /Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/ca_01.pem
    Note: Unnecessary use of -X or --request, GET is already inferred.
    *   Trying ::1...
    * TCP_NODELAY set
    * Connected to www.example.com (::1) port 443 (#0)
    * ALPN, offering h2
    * ALPN, offering http/1.1
    * successfully set certificate verify locations:
    *   CAfile: /Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/ca_01.pem
      CApath: none
    * TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
    * TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
    * TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
    * TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server key exchange (12):
    * TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Server finished (14):
    * TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client key exchange (16):
    * TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
    * TLSv1.2 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
    * TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
    * TLSv1.2 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
    * SSL connection using TLSv1.2 / ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
    * ALPN, server accepted to use h2
    * Server certificate:
    *  subject: C=US; ST=Denial; O=Dis; CN=www.example.com
    *  start date: Jul 13 06:08:58 2020 GMT
    *  expire date: Jul 13 06:08:58 2021 GMT
    *  common name: www.example.com (matched)
    *  issuer: C=US; ST=Denial; L=Springfield; O=Dis; CN=www.example.com
    *  SSL certificate verify ok.
    * Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use
    * Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)
    * Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0
    * Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x7fb0b8003800)
    > GET / HTTP/2
    > Host: www.example.com
    > User-Agent: curl/7.64.1
    > Accept: */*
    >
    * Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 250)!
    < HTTP/2 200
    < content-type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
    < content-length: 50
    < date: Fri, 24 Jul 2020 15:42:49 GMT
    <
    * Connection #0 to host www.example.com left intact
    Hi, This is an example of https service in golang!* Closing connection 0

如果希望忽略证书认证的话使用 -k 选项。

#### Golang net/http 客户端 ####

Golang net/http 客户端如果没有没有加载 CA 证书同样会被拒绝掉：

package main
    
    import (
        "bytes"
        "fmt"
        "log"
        "net/http"
    )
    
    func main() {
        
    
        resp, err := http.Get("https://www.example.com:443")
        if err != nil {
        
            log.Println(err)
            return
        }
        defer resp.Body.Close()
    
        buf := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 512))
        buf.ReadFrom(resp.Body)
        fmt.Println(string(buf.Bytes()))
    }

结果：

$ go run client.go
    2020/07/25 01:16:33 Get "https://www.example.com": x509: certificate signed by unknown authority

服务器也会报错：

2020/07/25 01:20:30 http: TLS handshake error from [::1]:58914: remote error: tls: bad certificate

net/http 加载 CA 证书发起访问：

package main
    
    import (
        "crypto/tls"
        "crypto/x509"
        "fmt"
        "io/ioutil"
        "net/http"
    
    )
    
    func main() {
        
        pool := x509.NewCertPool()
        caCertPath := "/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/ca_01.pem"
    
        caCrt, err := ioutil.ReadFile(caCertPath)
        if err != nil {
        
            fmt.Println("ReadFile err:", err)
            return
        }
        pool.AppendCertsFromPEM(caCrt)
    
        tr := &http.Transport{
        
            TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
        RootCAs: pool},
        }
    
        client := &http.Client{
        Transport: tr}
        resp, err := client.Get("https://www.example.com:443")
        if err != nil {
        
            fmt.Println("Get error:", err)
            return
        }
        defer resp.Body.Close()
    
        body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
        fmt.Println(string(body))
    }

结果：

$ go run client.go
    Hi, This is an example of https service in golang!

当然也可以直接跳过 SSL 认证，使用非安全传输：

package main
    
    import (
        "crypto/tls"
        "fmt"
        "io/ioutil"
        "net/http"
    )
    
    func main() {
        
        tr := &http.Transport{
        
            TLSClientConfig:    &tls.Config{
        InsecureSkipVerify: true},
        }
        client := &http.Client{
        Transport: tr}
        resp, err := client.Get("https://www.example.com:443")
    
        if err != nil {
        
            fmt.Println("error:", err)
            return
        }
        defer resp.Body.Close()
        body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
        fmt.Println(string(body))
    }

## 双向认证 ##

双向认证，即：服务器认证客户端，客户端也认证服务器。额外增加了服务端对客户端的认证（红色部分）。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0ptaWxr_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

*  HTTPS 服务器

package main
    
    import (
        "crypto/tls"
        "crypto/x509"
        "io/ioutil"
        "log"
        "net/http"
    )
    
    func main() {
        
        caCert, err := ioutil.ReadFile("/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/ca_01.pem")
        if err != nil {
        
            log.Fatal(err)
        }
        caCertPool := x509.NewCertPool()
        caCertPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(caCert)
    
        cfg := &tls.Config{
        
            ClientAuth: tls.RequireAndVerifyClientCert,  //添加对客户端的认证
            //InsecureSkipVerify: true,
            ClientCAs:  caCertPool,
        }
        srv := &http.Server{
        
            Addr:      ":443",
            Handler:   &handler{
        },
            TLSConfig: cfg,
        }
        log.Fatal(srv.ListenAndServeTLS(
            "/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/client-.pem",
            "/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/client.key"))
    }
    
    type handler struct{
        }
    
    func (h *handler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
        
        w.Write([]byte("PONG\n"))
    }

*  客户端

package main
    
    import (
        "crypto/tls"
        "crypto/x509"
        "fmt"
        "io/ioutil"
        "log"
        "net/http"
    )
    
    func main() {
        
        caCert, err := ioutil.ReadFile("/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/ca_01.pem")
        if err != nil {
        
            log.Fatal(err)
        }
        caCertPool := x509.NewCertPool()
        caCertPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(caCert)
    
        cert, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(
            "/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/client-.pem",
            "/Users/mickeyfan/workspace/demoCA/client.key")
        if err != nil {
        
            log.Fatal(err)
        }
    
    
        client := &http.Client{
        
            Transport: &http.Transport{
        
                TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
        
                    RootCAs:      caCertPool,
                    Certificates: []tls.Certificate{
        cert},
                    //InsecureSkipVerify: true,
                },
            },
        }
    
        resp, err := client.Get("https://www.example.com:443")
        if err != nil {
        
            log.Println(err)
            return
        }
    
        htmlData, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
        if err != nil {
        
            fmt.Println(err)
            return
        }
        defer resp.Body.Close()
        fmt.Printf("%v\n", resp.Status)
        fmt.Printf(string(htmlData))
    }

结果：

$ go run client.go
    200 OK
    PONG

注意：上述示例为了方便，笔者使用了同一套 CA 证书、设备证书和设备密钥。通常，更多的是使用两套不同的密钥。

[_ HTTP]: https://blog.csdn.net/Jmilk/article/details/55805441
[_ TLS 1.3]: https://blog.csdn.net/Jmilk/article/details/106949608
[_ TLS _ _ CA]: https://blog.csdn.net/Jmilk/article/details/84173117
[_ HTTPS]: https://blog.csdn.net/Jmilk/article/details/105885258
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