在 Python 中获取硬件和系统信息

待我称王封你为后i 2023-10-03 08:42 12阅读 0赞

作为 Python 开发人员，使用第三方库来完成您真正想要的工作是很方便的，而不是每次都重新发明轮子。在本教程中，您将熟悉[psutil][]，它是Python 中用于进程和系统监控的跨平台库，以及用于在 Python 中提取系统和硬件信息的内置[平台][Link 1]模块。

最后，我将向您展示如何打印 GPU 信息（当然，如果您有的话）。

这是本教程的目录：

1.  [系统信息][Link 2]
2.  [CPU信息][CPU]
3.  [内存使用情况][Link 3]
4.  [磁盘使用情况][Link 4]
5.  [网络信息][Link 5]
6.  [图形处理器信息][Link 6]

***相关：** [如何使用 ipaddress 模块在 Python 中操作 IP 地址][ipaddress _ Python _ IP]。*

在我们深入研究之前，您需要安装 psutil：

pip3 install psutil

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打开一个新的 python 文件，让我们开始，导入必要的模块：

import psutil
    import platform
    from datetime import datetime

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让我们创建一个函数，将大量字节转换为缩放格式（例如，以千、兆、千兆等为单位）：

def get_size(bytes, suffix="B"):
 """
 Scale bytes to its proper format
 e.g:
 1253656 => '1.20MB'
 1253656678 => '1.17GB'
 """
 factor = 1024
 for unit in ["", "K", "M", "G", "T", "P"]:
 if bytes < factor:
 return f"{bytes:.2f}{unit}{suffix}"
 bytes /= factor

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### **系统信息** ###

我们在这里需要[平台][Link 1]模块：

print("="*40, "System Information", "="*40)
    uname = platform.uname()
    print(f"System: {uname.system}")
    print(f"Node Name: {uname.node}")
    print(f"Release: {uname.release}")
    print(f"Version: {uname.version}")
    print(f"Machine: {uname.machine}")
    print(f"Processor: {uname.processor}")

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获取计算机启动的日期和时间：

# Boot Time
    print("="*40, "Boot Time", "="*40)
    boot_time_timestamp = psutil.boot_time()
    bt = datetime.fromtimestamp(boot_time_timestamp)
    print(f"Boot Time: {bt.year}/{bt.month}/{bt.day} {bt.hour}:{bt.minute}:{bt.second}")

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### **CPU信息** ###

让我们获取一些 CPU 信息，例如总内核数、使用情况等：

# let's print CPU information
    print("="*40, "CPU Info", "="*40)
    # number of cores
    print("Physical cores:", psutil.cpu_count(logical=False))
    print("Total cores:", psutil.cpu_count(logical=True))
    # CPU frequencies
    cpufreq = psutil.cpu_freq()
    print(f"Max Frequency: {cpufreq.max:.2f}Mhz")
    print(f"Min Frequency: {cpufreq.min:.2f}Mhz")
    print(f"Current Frequency: {cpufreq.current:.2f}Mhz")
    # CPU usage
    print("CPU Usage Per Core:")
    for i, percentage in enumerate(psutil.cpu_percent(percpu=True, interval=1)):
        print(f"Core {i}: {percentage}%")
    print(f"Total CPU Usage: {psutil.cpu_percent()}%")

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[psutil][]的cpu\_count()函数返回内核数，而cpu\_freq()函数返回 CPU 频率，`namedtuple`包括以 Mhz 表示的当前、最小和最大频率，您可以设置`percpu=True`为获取每个 CPU 频率。

cpu\_percent()方法返回一个浮点数，表示当前 CPU 利用率的百分比，设置`interval`为 1（秒）将比较一秒前后经过的系统 CPU 时间，我们设置`percpu`为`True`以获取每个内核的 CPU 使用率。

### **内存使用情况** ###

# Memory Information
    print("="*40, "Memory Information", "="*40)
    # get the memory details
    svmem = psutil.virtual_memory()
    print(f"Total: {get_size(svmem.total)}")
    print(f"Available: {get_size(svmem.available)}")
    print(f"Used: {get_size(svmem.used)}")
    print(f"Percentage: {svmem.percent}%")
    print("="*20, "SWAP", "="*20)
    # get the swap memory details (if exists)
    swap = psutil.swap_memory()
    print(f"Total: {get_size(swap.total)}")
    print(f"Free: {get_size(swap.free)}")
    print(f"Used: {get_size(swap.used)}")
    print(f"Percentage: {swap.percent}%")

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virtual\_memory()方法返回有关系统内存使用情况的统计信息`namedtuple`，包括（可用`total`物理内存总量）、`available`（可用内存，即未使用）`used`和`percent`（即百分比）等字段。swap\_memory()是相同的，但用于交换内存。

我们使用先前定义的get\_size()函数以缩放方式打印值，因为这些统计信息以字节表示。

### **磁盘使用情况** ###

# Disk Information
    print("="*40, "Disk Information", "="*40)
    print("Partitions and Usage:")
    # get all disk partitions
    partitions = psutil.disk_partitions()
    for partition in partitions:
        print(f"=== Device: {partition.device} ===")
        print(f"  Mountpoint: {partition.mountpoint}")
        print(f"  File system type: {partition.fstype}")
        try:
            partition_usage = psutil.disk_usage(partition.mountpoint)
        except PermissionError:
            # this can be catched due to the disk that
            # isn't ready
            continue
        print(f"  Total Size: {get_size(partition_usage.total)}")
        print(f"  Used: {get_size(partition_usage.used)}")
        print(f"  Free: {get_size(partition_usage.free)}")
        print(f"  Percentage: {partition_usage.percent}%")
    # get IO statistics since boot
    disk_io = psutil.disk_io_counters()
    print(f"Total read: {get_size(disk_io.read_bytes)}")
    print(f"Total write: {get_size(disk_io.write_bytes)}")

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正如预期的那样，disk\_usage()函数将磁盘使用统计信息返回为`namedtuple`，包括`total`，`used`以及`free`以字节表示的空间。

### **网络信息** ###

# Network information
    print("="*40, "Network Information", "="*40)
    # get all network interfaces (virtual and physical)
    if_addrs = psutil.net_if_addrs()
    for interface_name, interface_addresses in if_addrs.items():
        for address in interface_addresses:
            print(f"=== Interface: {interface_name} ===")
            if str(address.family) == 'AddressFamily.AF_INET':
                print(f"  IP Address: {address.address}")
                print(f"  Netmask: {address.netmask}")
                print(f"  Broadcast IP: {address.broadcast}")
            elif str(address.family) == 'AddressFamily.AF_PACKET':
                print(f"  MAC Address: {address.address}")
                print(f"  Netmask: {address.netmask}")
                print(f"  Broadcast MAC: {address.broadcast}")
    # get IO statistics since boot
    net_io = psutil.net_io_counters()
    print(f"Total Bytes Sent: {get_size(net_io.bytes_sent)}")
    print(f"Total Bytes Received: {get_size(net_io.bytes_recv)}")

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net\_if\_addrs()函数返回与系统上安装的每个网络接口卡相关联的地址。

好的，这是我个人 linux 机器的结果输出：

<code class="language-markup">======================================== System Information ========================================
 System: Linux
 Node Name: rockikz
 Release: 4.17.0-kali1-amd64
 Version: #1 SMP Debian 4.17.8-1kali1 (2018-07-24)
 Machine: x86_64
 Processor:
 ======================================== Boot Time ========================================
 Boot Time: 2019/8/21 9:37:26
 ======================================== CPU Info ========================================
 Physical cores: 4
 Total cores: 4
 Max Frequency: 3500.00Mhz
 Min Frequency: 1600.00Mhz
 Current Frequency: 1661.76Mhz
 CPU Usage Per Core:
 Core 0: 0.0%
 Core 1: 0.0%
 Core 2: 11.1%
 Core 3: 0.0%
 Total CPU Usage: 3.0%
 ======================================== Memory Information ========================================
 Total: 3.82GB
 Available: 2.98GB
 Used: 564.29MB
 Percentage: 21.9%
 ==================== SWAP ====================
 Total: 0.00B
 Free: 0.00B
 Used: 0.00B
 Percentage: 0%
 ======================================== Disk Information ========================================
 Partitions and Usage:
 === Device: /dev/sda1 ===
 Mountpoint: /
 File system type: ext4
 Total Size: 451.57GB
 Used: 384.29GB
 Free: 44.28GB
 Percentage: 89.7%
 Total read: 2.38GB
 Total write: 2.45GB
 ======================================== Network Information ========================================
 === Interface: lo ===
 IP Address: 127.0.0.1
 Netmask: 255.0.0.0
 Broadcast IP: None
 === Interface: lo ===
 === Interface: lo ===
 MAC Address: 00:00:00:00:00:00
 Netmask: None
 Broadcast MAC: None
 === Interface: wlan0 ===
 IP Address: 192.168.1.101
 Netmask: 255.255.255.0
 Broadcast IP: 192.168.1.255
 === Interface: wlan0 ===
 === Interface: wlan0 ===
 MAC Address: 64:70:02:07:40:50
 Netmask: None
 Broadcast MAC: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
 === Interface: eth0 ===
 MAC Address: d0:27:88:c6:06:47
 Netmask: None
 Broadcast MAC: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
 Total Bytes Sent: 123.68MB
 Total Bytes Received: 577.94MB</code>

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如果您使用的是笔记本电脑，则可以使用 psutil.sensors\_battery() 获取电池信息。

另外，如果你是一个Linux用户，你可以使用 psutil.sensors\_fan（） 来获得风扇的RPM（每分钟转数） ，也 psutil.sensors\_temperatures（） 来获得各种设备的温度。

### **图形处理器信息** ###

**psutil**不向我们提供 GPU 信息。因此，我们需要安装[GPUtil][]：

pip3 install gputil

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**GPUtil**是一个 Python 模块，仅用于获取 NVIDIA GPU 的 GPU 状态，它定位计算机上的所有 GPU，确定它们的可用性并返回可用 GPU 的有序列表。它需要安装最新的 NVIDIA 驱动程序。

此外，我们需要安装[tabulate 模块][tabulate]，这将允许我们以表格方式打印 GPU 信息：

pip3 install tabulate

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以下代码行打印您机器中的所有 GPU 及其详细信息：

# GPU information
    import GPUtil
    from tabulate import tabulate
    print("="*40, "GPU Details", "="*40)
    gpus = GPUtil.getGPUs()
    list_gpus = []
    for gpu in gpus:
        # get the GPU id
        gpu_id = gpu.id
        # name of GPU
        gpu_name = gpu.name
        # get % percentage of GPU usage of that GPU
        gpu_load = f"{gpu.load*100}%"
        # get free memory in MB format
        gpu_free_memory = f"{gpu.memoryFree}MB"
        # get used memory
        gpu_used_memory = f"{gpu.memoryUsed}MB"
        # get total memory
        gpu_total_memory = f"{gpu.memoryTotal}MB"
        # get GPU temperature in Celsius
        gpu_temperature = f"{gpu.temperature} °C"
        gpu_uuid = gpu.uuid
        list_gpus.append((
            gpu_id, gpu_name, gpu_load, gpu_free_memory, gpu_used_memory,
            gpu_total_memory, gpu_temperature, gpu_uuid
        ))
    
    print(tabulate(list_gpus, headers=("id", "name", "load", "free memory", "used memory", "total memory",
                                       "temperature", "uuid")))

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这是我机器中的输出：

======================================== GPU Details ========================================
      id  name              load    free memory    used memory    total memory    temperature    uuid
    ----  ----------------  ------  -------------  -------------  --------------  -------------  ----------------------------------------
       0  GeForce GTX 1050  2.0%    3976.0MB       120.0MB        4096.0MB        52.0 °C        GPU-c9b08d82-f1e2-40b6-fd20-543a4186d6ce

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太好了，现在您可以将这些信息集成到您的 Python 监视器应用程序和实用程序中！

检查我们在本教程中使用的库的文档：

*  [平台 - 访问底层平台的识别数据][Link 1]
 *  [psutil 的官方文档][psutil 1]
 *  [GPUtil 文档][GPUtil]

您还可以使用 psutil 来 [监控操作系统进程][Link 7]，例如每个进程的 CPU 和内存使用情况等。

[psutil]: https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil
[Link 1]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html
[Link 2]: https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/get-hardware-system-information-python#System_Information
[CPU]: https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/get-hardware-system-information-python#CPU_info
[Link 3]: https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/get-hardware-system-information-python#Memory_Usage
[Link 4]: https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/get-hardware-system-information-python#Disk_Usage
[Link 5]: https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/get-hardware-system-information-python#Network_info
[Link 6]: https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/get-hardware-system-information-python#GPU_info
[ipaddress _ Python _ IP]: https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/manipulate-ip-addresses-using-ipaddress-module-in-python
[GPUtil]: https://github.com/anderskm/gputil
[tabulate]: https://pypi.org/project/tabulate/
[psutil 1]: https://psutil.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
[Link 7]: https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/make-process-monitor-python