英语语法汇总（15.句子）

你的名字 2023-09-23 14:20 141阅读 0赞

# 15.句子 #

## 概述 ##

*  `主语`和`谓语动词`以及`其他附加成分`组成。句子的主语和谓语动词以及其他附加成分组成
    
     *  they arrived
 *  由一个单词构成的阿或缩略的话同样也是完整的意义

## 简单句 ##

*  只有一个谓语
    
     *  I went to the theatre
 *  简单句分5个部分，主语，谓语，宾语或表语，补语，状语。状语可以放在句尾，句中或句首
    
     *  I enjoyed the film yesterday (主谓宾状)
     *  the old man is called David(主谓补)
     *  they appointed him chairman（主谓宾补语）
     *  Libraries made education possible(主谓宾补)
 *  and ,but, both…and 等冰雷主，谓语，宾语的形式
    
     *  the boss and I are flying to Paris
 *  状语使用频繁和最富辩护啊，语言形象生动
    
     *  In those days he were welcome everywhere
 *  同位语，对说明的词解释
    
     *  he, who is my friend
 *  五种基本句型

## \- 主+动 ##

- My head aches

## \- 主+动+主语补足语 ##

- 主语补足语通常出现再被动语态中，当还原为主动语态时，主语补足语则变成宾语补足语
    
      He was made President of the USA

## \- 主语+动词+直接宾语 ##

- My sister enjoyed the play

## \- 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ##

- 直接和间接宾语为双宾语，直接宾语一般表示物，而间接宾语表示人，通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后
      - the firm gave me a watch

## \- 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ##

- they made Sam chairman

## 并列句 ##

*  并列连词，and,but,so,yet等，分号或分号后跟一个并列连接副词， however,all等，将两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成
    
     *  用并列连词连接
        
         *  you can wait here and I’ll get the car
     *  用分号连接
        
         *  we fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing
     *  分号后再连接副词
        
         *  We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch a thing

## 复合句 ##

*  通常用从属连词，如if/unless,because 等
    
     *  the alarm was raised as soon as the fire was discovered
 *  复合句分三个类型

### \- 状语从句 ###

- However hard I try, I can't remember people's names

### \- 名词性从句 ###

- he told me that the match had been cancelled

### \- 定语从句 ###

- the big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged

## 状语从句 ##

*  状语从句在句子说明事情发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，结果，目的等, 用相关的从属连词引导
    
     *  As soon as the sun set we returned to our hotel

### \- 时间状语从句 ###

*  when引导的时间状语，after, as soon as, before, by the time, once ,since, until等
    
    时间状语从句中，通常用现在时表示将来时。after, as soon as ,before, by the time等一般不用将来时，而用现在时；不用将来时，用现在完成时
    
     *  As soon as the rain stops, we shall go out
     *  the moment he arrives, I shall let you know

### \- 地点状语从句 ###

*  where的问题，wherever, anywhere等连词引导、地点状语从句一般在主语之后
    
     *  you can’t go where the war happened

### \- 方式状语 ###

*  how引导，用as，in the way引导。方式状语从句一般置于主句之后
    
     *  be, act, appear,behave,sound等
     *  it feels as if it’s going to rain

### \- 原因状语从句 ###

*  why引导，because，as, seeing that, since,for等引导
    
     *  As you couldn’t completed the task, the result is bad

### \- 条件状语 ###

*  条件状语从句表示动作发生的条件，通常由连词if，on condition that , unless, as/so long as 等引导
    
     *  if he is out, I’ll call tomorrow
 *  条件状语从句就功能而言分为两个基本类型，真实条件和非真实条件（虚拟条件句）。if所引导到的条件句如果反映的是可能发生的事件，为真实条件句。如果反映的不可能发生的事件，为非真实条件句
    
     *  If I lose my job, I will go abroad
 *  非真实条件，从句谈论想象的情况，主句则推测想象的结果，动词用过去式
    
     *  If you went to the exhibition you would enjoy it

### \- 让步状语 ###

*  让步状语从句含有句子对比的意义，although ,considering…that, though/as, even if等
    
     *  Although I felt sorry for him, I was secretly pleased
 *  Although 和 though作为从属连词用法基本相同，但两个词在具体使用中需要注意
    
     *  though 用于正式的口语或书面语，although 用于各种文体
        
         *  Although the factory is small, its products are of very good quality
     *  though 可作副词用在句尾，表“然而，不过”，although不能使用
        
         *  It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though
     *  although though不能和表转折的并列连词but等连用，但可以用yet, still,nevertheless等副词对主句的内容进行强调
        
         *  Though the water is deep, yet it is clear
     *  though可以和as引导倒装形式的让步状语，但although不可以
        
         *  young though/as she is ,she knows a lot about English
     *  带ever的复合词whatever,whoever等可作连词引导让步状语从句，不管什么，等于no matter +疑问词
        
         *  However(no matter how) brilliant you are, you can’t know everything
 *  as可以引导让步状语从句
    
     *  主语补语+as+主语+系动词+主语
        
         *  Cold a it was(Although it was so cold ),we went out
     *  谓语动词是实义动词，该动词由副词修饰是，从句为“动词原形或副词+as+主语”
        
         *  Fast as your read, you can’t finish the book in two days

### \- 目的状语 ###

*  so that/in order that , in case, for fear
    
     *  I’ve arrived early so that I can get a seat
 *  so as to /in order to 不是连词，不能引导从句。so that ，in order that 从属连词，引导从句作目的状语
    
     *  I went to live in France so as to learn French
 *  当主句中为现在时，现在完成时或将来时，so that, in order that 后面的从句谓语跟may/can/will
    
     *  I’ve arrived early so that I may get a good view of the procession
 *  当主句中为过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，so that, in order that 后面的从句谓语跟should/might/could/would

### \- 结果状语 ###

*  从句描述主句动作的结果，由so+形容词/副词+that，such…that,以及such a…that…。such后面跟名词，由that引导的结果状语从句，that可以省略
    
     *  we were so angry that we asked to see the manager
 *  表强调，so+形容词位于句首
    
     *  so rapid is the rate of progress in the project
 *  so引导的从句由以下4种方式
    
     *  so +形容词/副词+that
     *  so+形容词+a+单数名词+that
     *  so+动词+that
     *  so many/few/much/little+复数名词/不可数名词+that

## 名词性从句 ##

*  起名词作用，用作主语，宾语，表语以及同位语
 *  功能上定义为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
    
     *  I know that the match will be cancelled（宾语从句）
     *  That the match will be cancelled is now certain(主语从句)

### \- 主语从句 ###

*  由which，who,that, what,when，where，whether等引导，在句子中充当主语
    
     *  whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up
     *  the money doesn’t grow on trees should be obvious
 *  主语部分占据了太大的空间，显得头重脚轻，用it作先行主语再接主语从句
    
     *  It’s known/said /形容词等+that结构
        
         *  It has been said that everyone lives by selling something

### \- 宾语从句 ###

*  名词性从句作宾语时，前面的that经常被省略，特别时非正式文体中
    
     *  Everyone knows (that)money doesn’t grow on trees
 *  在许多动词（believe, know, think)之后that经常可以省略，但在某些动词之后，一般需要用that；that引导的从句与动词隔开时，that一般不可以省略。当宾语从句出现并列现象时，第一个宾语从句可以省略that，第二个宾语从句中that不可以省略; that 从句不能放在介词之后
    
     *  he boasted about his success= he boasted that he was successful
 *  虽然从属连词whether和if的意义完全相同。但有界限
    
     *  if引导宾语从句时与whether一样，可以互换
        
         *  Everyone doesn’t know if/whether he could finish his job in time
     *  当引导的名词性从句在句子中作主语时，必须使用whether而不能使用if
        
         *  whether he has signed the contract (or not) doesn’t matter
     *  引导名词性从句在动词be后作表语或在介词后做宾语，必须使用whether不能使用if
        
         *  the problem is whether he has signed the contract
 *  在描述感情的形容词，afraid，glad,happy等之后的名词性从句也定义为宾语从句
    
     *  I’m afraid that we’ve sold out of the tickets

### \- 同位语从句 ###

*  fact,idea,news等词后的名词性从句通常是同位语从句
 *  同位语从句中的that不能省略，不做任何成分，对修饰的词具有解释作用
    
     *  the fact that his proposal makes sense should be recognized

## 定语从句 ##

*  由关系代词（who, whom, which, that,whose)关系副词（where, when,why)等引导，形式分为两种，限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句

### \- 限制性定语从句 ###

- 对中心词起修饰作用，不能省略，所修饰词之间没有逗号隔开
      - the government which promise to cut taxes

### \- 非限制定语从句 ###

- 提供补充性信息，对中心词起修饰作用，可以省略，所修饰词之间有逗号隔开
      - the government , which promises to cut taxes, will be  popular

*  定语从句中关系代词和关系副词使用严格的界限
    
     *  that(指人或物，在从句中充当主语或宾语)，who(指人，在从句中充当主语)，whom(指人，在从句中充当宾语)，which（指物或修饰整个句子），whose(所指对象不限，在从句中充当定语或宾语)；关系副词（where【地点】, when【时间】,why【原因】)等
        
         *  代替人的关系代词，who,whom和that，以及所有格whose，不要把关系代词that和从属连词that混淆
            
             *  he is the man(who/whom/that) I met
         *  代替事物或动物的都干系代词有which和that,不管其中心词是单数或复数，不受局限
            
             *  this is the photo which /that shows my house
             *  this is the cat which/that caught the mouse
         *  在非限制定语从句中，必须用which，不能用that
            
             *  the river, which is now clean enough to swim in
         *  whose作为关系代词能代替人和物，在从句中充当定语
            
             *  he is the man whose car was stolen
         *  在非限制性定语从句中代替人时，不能用that，必须用whom
            
             *  the author, whom(who) I met at a party last week
         *  关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，只能使用whom和which，指代人的关系代词whom不能用who或that代替
            
             *  she is the woman to whom I gave the money= she is the woman whom/who I gave the money to
             *  非正式文体中可以省略关系词，只限于定语从句中
                
                 *  she is the woman I gave the money to
             *  指代事物，动物的关系词作介词的宾语时，只能用which而不能和that换用，不能省略
                
                 *  this is the pan in which I boiled the milk= this is the pan(that/which) I boiled the milk in
 *  表时间，地点，原因等非限制性定语从句，使用关系副词，when,where和why,关系副词在定语从句中作状语
    
     *  My success in business, the reason why(for which)he dislikes me,has been due to hard work
 *  不管先行词是表人或物，只用来指定他的关系代词，即在剧中不作状语，就用that，而不用which，who，whom
    
     *  当先行词为不定代词或序数词
        
         *  All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye
     *  先行词含有形容词最高级的名词时
        
         *  It’s the sillest argument that I’ve ever heard
     *  当主语以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复，既不能使用who也不能使用which，只用that
        
         *  who is the man that is standing in front of the flag?
         *  在非限制性定语从句中，可以用复杂的介词加关系代词的形式
            
             *  the treasure, some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum
 *  所有的关系词中as的用法最为特殊，有三种
    
     *  当从句的先行词前有such,the same时， 必须使用as
        
         *  I haven’t seen such a good painting as you described just now
     *  as可以像which一样引导一个定语从句修饰整个先行主句，而不是某个单词，“正如，正像”
        
         *  Taiwan belongs to China, as is known
     *  as时关系词中唯一置于句首的关系词
        
         *  As is known, Taiwan belongs to China