Python Special Method Names

忘是亡心i 2023-08-17 16:56 59阅读 0赞

## Special Method Names ##

There are several special methods that are essential to the implementation of a class. Each of them has a name that begins and ends with double underscores. These method names are used implicitly by Python. Section 3.3 of the *Python Language Reference* provides the complete list of these special method names.

We'll look at the special method names in depth in [Chapter 24, *Creating or Extending Data Types* ][Chapter_24_Creating or Extending Data Types]. Until then, we'll look at a few special method names that are used heavily.

\_\_init\_\_

The `__init__` method of a class is called by Python to initialize a newly-created object

\_\_str\_\_

The `__str__` method of a class is called whenever Python prints an object. This is the method used by the `str` built-in function.

\_\_repr\_\_

The `__repr__` method of a class is used when we want to see the details of an object's values. This method is used by the `repr` function.

\_\_cmp\_\_

When we sort a list of objects, the `cmp` function uses the `__cmp__` method of each object.

**Initializing an Object with `__init__`. **When you create an object, Python will both create the object and also call the object's `__init__` method. This function can create the object's instance variables and perform any other one-time initialization. There are, typically, two kinds of instance variables that are created by the \_\_init\_\_ method: variables based on parameters and variables that are independent of any parameters.

Here's an example of a company description that might be suitable for evaluating stock performance. In this example, all of the instance variables (`self.name`, `self.symbol`, `self.price`) are based on parameters to the `__init__` method.

class Company( object ):
        def __init__( self, name, symbol, stockPrice ):
            self.name= name
            self.symbol= symbol
            self.price= stockPrice
        def valueOf( self, shares ):
            return shares * self.price

When we create an instance of Company, we use code like this.

c1= Company( "General Electric", "GE", 30.125 )

This will provide three values to the parameters of \_\_init\_\_.

**String value of an object with `__str__`. **The `__str__` method function is called whenever an instance of a class needs to be converted to a string. Typically, this occus when we use the `str` function on an object. Impicitly, when we reference object in a **print** statement, the `str` function is evaluated. The other example is wConsider this definition of the class `Card`.

class Card( object ):
        def __init__( self, rank, suit ):
            self.rank= rank
            self.suit= suit
            self.points= rank
        def hard( self ):
            return self.points
        def soft( self ):
            return self.points

When we try to print an instance of the class, we get something like the following.

>>> 
    c= Card( 3, "D" )
    
    >>> 
    print c
    
    
    <__main__.Card object at 0x2e5f6c>

This is the default behavior for the `__str__` method. We can, however, override this with a function that produces a more useful-looking result.

def __str__( self ):
            return "%2d%s" % (self.rank, self.suit)

Adding this method function converts the current value of the die to a string and returns this. Now we get something much more useful.

>>> 
    d= Card( 4, "D" )
    
    >>> 
    print d
    
    
     4D

**Representation details with `__repr__`. **While the `__str__` method produces a human-readable string, we sometimes want the nitty-gritty details. The`__repr__` method function is evaluated whenever an instance of a class must have its detailed representation shown. This is usually done in response to evaluating the `repr` function. Examples include the following:

>>> 
    print repr(c)
    
    
    <__main__.Card object at 0x2f639c>

If we would like to produce a more useful result, we can override the `__repr__` function. The objective is to produce a piece of Python programming that would reconstruct the original object.

def __repr__( self ):
            return "Card(%d,%r)" % (self.rank,self.suit)

We use `__repr__` to produce a clear definition of how to recreate the given object.

>>> 
    f= Card(5,"D")
    
    >>> 
    print repr(f)
    
    
    Card(5,'D')

**Sorting and Comparing with `__cmp__`. **One other useful special method is `__cmp__`. We use the `__cmp__ `to provide the results used to sort and compare objects. The built-in `cmp` function, generally, uses this method. If you don't make other arrangements, then this method is also used for `<`, `<=`,`>`, `>=`, `==` and `!=`.

def __cmp__( self, other ):
            return cmp(self.rank, other.rank) or cmp(self.suit, self.suit)

Once we've added the `__cmp__` method we can compare cards to check their relative rank.

>>> 
    cmp(c,d)
    
    -1
    >>> 
    c < d
    
    True
    >>> 
    c >= d
    
    False

**Special Attribute Names. **In addition to the special method names, each object has a number of special attributes. These are documented in section 2.3.10 of the *Python Library Reference*. There are `__dict__`, `__class__` and `__bases__`.

The attribute variables of a class instance are kept in a special dictionary object named `__dict__`. As a consequence, when you say `self.attribute= value`, this has almost identical meaning to `self.__dict__['attribute']= value`.

Combined with the % string formatting operation, this feature is handy for writing `__str__` and `__repr__` functions.

def __str__( self  ):
            return "%(rank)2s%(suit)s" % self.__dict__
        def __repr__( self ):
            return "Card(%(rank)r,%(suit)r)" % self.__dict__

[Chapter_24_Creating or Extending Data Types]: http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/programming_books/python_programming/python_ch24.html