python爬虫入门级项目

ゝ一世哀愁。 2023-07-13 08:24 34阅读 0赞

### python爬虫入门级项目 ###

*   *   *  爬虫需要用到哪些python库
         *   *  完整代码如下

比如我们想要拿到全国所有城市的邮编，做为某项目的数据支撑，我们就可以写一个爬虫去爬取这些数据。  
我爬取邮编信息的网站是http://www.ip138.com/post/postal22/

### 爬虫需要用到哪些python库 ###

常用的html解析库有  
lxml和bs4

from lxml import etree
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

有些网站返回数据格式是json格式，那么需要导入json库来解析

import json

而有些信息格式比较复杂，需要用正则提取所需信息，那么就需要导入re库

import re

有时候需要得到网站内容发布时间，但是网站发布时间的格式不一，想要统一格式，就需要datetime库

import datetime

另外发起请求所需的requests也是必不可少的

import requests

因为爬虫是通过请求别人网站的资源来获取数据，如果请求过于频繁，就会对别人服务器造成压力，这无异于网站攻击，所以需要设置请求的时间间隔，那么就用到了time库

import time

而有些网站具有反爬机制，请求频率不变的话会被拉黑，所以请求间隔时间应该随机

import random

爬虫是很不稳定的，随时可能会挂掉，想知道爬虫的状态，可以导入logging库打印日志

import logging

#### 完整代码如下 ####

import requests
    from lxml import etree
    import json
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    import random
    import time
    import json
    import logging
    import re
    import datetime
    
    class GetPostNum:
        def __init__(self):
            self.url="http://www.ip138.com/post/postal22/%s"
            self.header={
                "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3",
                "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
                "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9",
                "Connection": "keep-alive",
                "Host": "www.ip138.com",
                "Referer": "http://www.ip138.com/post/postal22/indexdbc4.html",
                "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1",
                "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36"
            }
            self.file_path="d:/post_data.txt"
        def start(self):
            session=requests.session()
            session.headers=self.header
            data=session.get(self.url % "top.js")
    
            if data.status_code==200:
                print("请求成功")
                # print(data.text)
            # table_data=etree.HTML(data.text)
            urls=re.findall(r'\<a href\=\"\S+html\"\>\S+\<\/a\>',data.text)
            for url in urls:
                href=re.findall(r'\"\S+\.html\"',url)[0]
                href=href[1:-1]
                province=re.findall(r'\>\S+\<',url)[0]
                province=province[1:-1]
                list=[]
    
                detail=session.get(self.url%href)
                detail.encoding='gb2312'
                table_data_d=etree.HTML(detail.text)
                trs_d=table_data_d.xpath("//table//tr")
                if len(trs_d) > 0:
                    city=""
                    for tr_d in trs_d[2:]:
                        tds_d = tr_d.xpath("./td")
                        if len(tds_d) ==4:
                            if len(tds_d[0].xpath("./b/text()"))>0:
                                if "市"  not in  province:
                                    city=tds_d[0].xpath("./b/text()")[0]
                                data1={"province": province,"city": city,"district": "" ,"disnum":tds_d[1].text,"postnumber":tds_d[2].text }
                                list.append(data1)
                            else:
                                data1 = {"province": province, "city": city, "district": tds_d[0].text,
                                         "disnum": tds_d[1].text, "postnumber": tds_d[2].text}
                                list.append(data1)
    
                        else:
                            data1 = {"province": province, "city": city, "district": tds_d[0].text,
                                     "disnum": tds_d[1].text, "postnumber": tds_d[2].text}
                            list.append(data1)
                            data2 = {"province": province, "city": city, "district": tds_d[3].text,
                                     "disnum": tds_d[4].text, "postnumber": tds_d[5].text}
                            list.append(data2)
                time.sleep(random.randint(3,5))
                print(list)
                self.save_to_file(list)
        def save_to_file(self,list):
            with open(self.file_path, "a" ,encoding='utf-8') as f:
                for json_data in list:
                    jdata=json.dumps(json_data, ensure_ascii=False)
                    f.write(jdata)
                    f.write("\n")
    
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        GetPostNum().start()