终于有人把Elasticsearch原理讲明白了！

骑猪看日落 2023-06-27 03:09 49阅读 0赞

转载：[http://www.sohu.com/a/306244095\_463994][http_www.sohu.com_a_306244095_463994]

随着央视诗词大会的热播，小史开始对诗词感兴趣，最喜欢的就是飞花令的环节。

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但是由于小史很久没有背过诗词了，飞一个字很难说出一句，很多之前很熟悉的诗句也想不起来。

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倒排索引

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**吕老师：**但是我让你说出带“前”字的诗句，由于没有索引，你只能遍历脑海中所有诗词，当你的脑海中诗词量大的时候，就很难在短时间内得到结果了。

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索引量爆炸

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搜索引擎原理

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Elasticsearch 简介

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**吕老师：**但是 Lucene 还是一个库，必须要懂一点搜索引擎原理的人才能用的好，所以后来又有人基于 Lucene 进行封装，写出了 Elasticsearch。

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Elasticsearch 基本概念

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**吕老师：**类型是用来定义数据结构的，你可以认为是 MySQL 中的一张表。文档就是最终的数据了，你可以认为一个文档就是一条记录。

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**吕老师：**比如一首诗，有诗题、作者、朝代、字数、诗内容等字段，那么首先，我们可以建立一个名叫 Poems 的索引，然后创建一个名叫 Poem 的类型，类型是通过 Mapping 来定义每个字段的类型。

比如诗题、作者、朝代都是 Keyword 类型，诗内容是 Text 类型，而字数是 Integer 类型，最后就是把数据组织成 Json 格式存放进去了。

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**吕老师：**这个问题问得好，这涉及到分词的问题，Keyword 类型是不会分词的，直接根据字符串内容建立反向索引，Text 类型在存入 Elasticsearch 的时候，会先分词，然后根据分词后的内容建立反向索引。

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**吕老师：**之前我们说过，Elasticsearch 把操作都封装成了 HTTP 的 API，我们只要给 Elasticsearch 发送 HTTP 请求就行。

比如使用 curl -XPUT 'http://ip:port/poems'，就能建立一个名为 Poems 的索引，其他操作也是类似的。

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Elasticsearch 分布式原理

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**吕老师：**没错，Elasticsearch 也是会对数据进行切分，同时每一个分片会保存多个副本，其原因和 HDFS 是一样的，都是为了保证分布式环境下的高可用。

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**吕老师：**没错，在 Elasticsearch 中，节点是对等的，节点间会通过自己的一些规则选取集群的 Master，Master 会负责集群状态信息的改变，并同步给其他节点。

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**吕老师：**注意，只有建立索引和类型需要经过 Master，数据的写入有一个简单的 Routing 规则，可以 Route 到集群中的任意节点，所以数据写入压力是分散在整个集群的。

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ELK 系统

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**吕老师：**其实很多公司都用 Elasticsearch 搭建 ELK 系统，也就是日志分析系统。其中 E 就是 Elasticsearch，L 是 Logstash，是一个日志收集系统，K 是 Kibana，是一个数据可视化平台。

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**吕老师：**分析日志的用处可大了，你想，假如一个分布式系统有 1000 台机器，系统出现故障时，我要看下日志，还得一台一台登录上去查看，是不是非常麻烦？

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**吕老师：**但是如果日志接入了 ELK 系统就不一样。比如系统运行过程中，突然出现了异常，在日志中就能及时反馈，日志进入 ELK 系统中，我们直接在 Kibana 就能看到日志情况。如果再接入一些实时计算模块，还能做实时报警功能。

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总结

小史学完了 Elasticsearch，在笔记本上写下了如下记录：

*  反向索引又叫倒排索引，是根据文章内容中的关键字建立索引。
 *  搜索引擎原理就是建立反向索引。
 *  Elasticsearch 在 Lucene 的基础上进行封装，实现了分布式搜索引擎。
 *  Elasticsearch 中的索引、类型和文档的概念比较重要，类似于 MySQL 中的数据库、表和行。
 *  Elasticsearch 也是 Master-slave 架构，也实现了数据的分片和备份。
 *  Elasticsearch 一个典型应用就是 ELK 日志分析系统。

写完，又高高兴兴背诗去了。

**观书有感（朱熹）**

半亩方塘一鉴开，天光云影共徘徊。

问渠那得清如许？为有源头活水来。

作者：channingbreeze

编辑：陶家龙、孙淑娟

出处：转载自微信公众号：互联网侦察

[http_www.sohu.com_a_306244095_463994]: http://www.sohu.com/a/306244095_463994
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