MySQL执行计划（MySQL调优的重要利器）

Myth丶恋晨 2023-02-14 10:50 10阅读 0赞

### 文章目录 ###

*  看完本篇文章你能学到什么？
 *  一、MySQL执行计划
 *   *  1.1 id字段
     *  1.2 select\_type 字段
     *  1.3 table 字段
     *  1.4 partitions 字段
     *  1.5 type字段
     *  1.6 possible\_keys 字段
     *  1.7 key 字段
     *  1.8 key\_len 字段
     *  1.9 ref 字段
     *  1.10 rows 字段
     *  1.11 filtered 字段
     *  1.12 extra 字段
 *  二、总结
 *   *  好了，本篇就说到这里了，看完觉得有帮助的童鞋记得点赞！点赞！点赞！（重要的事情说三遍）

# 看完本篇文章你能学到什么？ #

> 1、掌握MySQL执行计划所有字段含义以及内容，为后续SQL调优提供帮助  
>   
>   
> 2、对SQL调优有初步认识

# 一、MySQL执行计划 #

项目开发中，性能往往都是是我们重点关注的问题，其实很多时候一个SQL往往是整个请求中瓶颈最大的地方，因此我们必须了解SQL语句的执行过程、数据库中是如何扫描表、如何使用索引的、是否命中索引等信息来帮助我们做SQL语句的优化。MySQL提供了`explain`/`desc`语句，来显示这条SQL语句的执行计划，执行计划可以帮助我们查看SQL语句的执行情况，我们可以根据反馈的结果来进行SQL的优化。

*  准备测试数据

use test;
    CREATE TABLE `test`.`role`  (
      `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
      `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE
    ) ENGINE = InnoDB CHARACTER SET = utf8 COLLATE = utf8_general_ci ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;
    
    CREATE TABLE `test`.`user`  (
      `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
      `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL,
      `role_id` int(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE
    ) ENGINE = InnoDB CHARACTER SET = utf8 COLLATE = utf8_general_ci ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;

`explain`和`desc`效果一样，都是帮我们列出SQL语句的执行计划。

两个语句的效果是一模一样的，我们后面就统一使用`explain`来查看SQL语句的执行计划。

## 1.1 id字段 ##

id字段存在三种情况：

1）**id相同**：id越靠前的表越先执行

explain select * from user u left join role r on u.role_id=r.id;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
2）**id不同**：id越大的表越先执行

explain select * from user u where u.role_id=(select id from role r where r.id=1);

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]  
3）**id有相同，也有不同**：id相同越大的表越先执行，在id相同的表中，id越靠前的表越先执行

## 1.2 select\_type 字段 ##

*  **SIMPLE**：简单的 select 查询，查询中不包含子查询或者 union

explain select * from user;

![在这里插入图片描述][20200521090407830.png]

*  PRIMARY：查询条件中包含有子查询时最外层的表（u1）

explain select * from user u1 where u1.id =(select id from user u2 where u2.id=1);

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

*  **UNION（u2）**：使用到union关联时，union关联的表
 *  **UNION RESULT（<union1,2>）**：使用union时，最终的结果集表

explain select * from user u1 union select * from user u2;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

*  **DEPENDENT UNION（u3,u4）**：在子查询中使用到union的第二个以上的表
 *  **DEPENDENT SUBQUERY（u2）**：在子查询中,使用到union的第一表

EXPLAIN SELECT
    	* 
    FROM
    	user u1 
    WHERE
    	u1.id IN ( 
    		SELECT id FROM user u2 WHERE u2.id = 1 
    		UNION 
    		SELECT id FROM user u3 WHERE u3.id = 2 
    		UNION 
    		SELECT id FROM user u4 WHERE u4.id = 2  
    	);

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

*  **SUBQUERY（u2）**：条件子查询中的表

explain select * from user u1 where u1.id =(select id from user u2 where u2.id=1);

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

*  **SUBQUERY（u2,u3）**：条件中的子查询中的表（包括多重层级）

explain select * from user u1 
    where u1.name =(
    	select name from user u2 where u2.name=(select name from user u3 where u3.name='zs')
    );

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

*  **DEPENDENT SUBQUERY（r1）**: 子查询中的条件依赖于外部的查询（r1的条件是u1表中的数据）

explain select * from user u1 where u1.role_id=(select id from role r1 where u1.id=1);

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

*  **DERIVED（u1）**：衍生表的from子表（该子表必须使用union关联其他表）

explain select * from 
    (select * from user u1 where u1.role_id=1 union select * from user u2 where u2.name='zs') temp;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

## 1.3 table 字段 ##

表示该SQL语句是作用于那张表的，取值为：表名、表别名、衍生表名等。

explain select * from user;
    
    explain select * from user u1;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]

## 1.4 partitions 字段 ##

涉及到分区的表

*  准备数据

create table goods_partitions (
    	id int auto_increment, 
    	name varchar(12),
        primary key(id)
    )
    partition by range(id)(
    		partition p0 values less than(10000),
    		partition p1 values less than MAXVALUE
    );

*  查看MySQL的物理存储路径：

show variables like '%dir%';

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
查看物理存储文件，发现多了不同的文件来存储![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]

*  查看查询语句所使用到的分区：

explain select * from goods_partitions;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

> 整个goods\_partitions使用到了两个分区。

*  查询id<1000的记录（属于p0分区）

explain select * from goods_partitions where id<1000;

![在这里插入图片描述][20200521091122200.png]

## 1.5 type字段 ##

反应一段SQL语句性能指标的重要参数，可以通过此参数来判断是否使用到了索引、是否全表扫描、是否范围查询等。

插入测试数据：

insert into role values(1,'保洁');
    insert into role values(2,'保安');
    insert into role values(3,'厨师');
    insert into user values(1,'zs',1);

*  **null**：代表不访问任何表

explain select 1;

![在这里插入图片描述][2020052109141434.png]

*  **system**：表中只有一条记录,并且此表为系统表(一般很少出现)

use mysql;			-- 切换到mysql数据库
    explain select * from db where host='localhost';

![在这里插入图片描述][20200521091440889.png]

*  **const**：通过唯一索引查询到的数据,只查询一次就查询到了

explain select * from user where id=1;
    explain select * from user where name='zs';

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]

> 分别根据name和id查询，发现只有id的type为const。

给name字段加上唯一索引（必须要是唯一索引，普通索引不行）：

create unique index user_name_unique on user(name);

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]  
测试完毕删除唯一索引：

drop index user_name_unique on user;

*  **eq\_ref**：使用主键的关联查询，并且表中只有一条记录与主表匹配；

explain select * from user u left join role r on u.role_id=r.id;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]  
代表有其他表引用了r表的主键。

**如果主表有多条记录与之匹配那么type将不再是eq\_ref**

*  首先查看两个表的数据：

mysql> select * from user;
    +----+------+---------+
    | id | name | role_id |
    +----+------+---------+
    |  1 | zs   |       1 |
    +----+------+---------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from role;
    +----+--------+
    | id | name   |
    +----+--------+
    |  1 | 保洁   |
    |  2 | 保安   |
    |  3 | 厨师   |
    +----+--------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> explain select * from user u left join role r on u.role_id=r.id;
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------+------+----------+-------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref            | rows | filtered | Extra |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------+------+----------+-------+
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | u     | NULL       | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL           |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | r     | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | test.u.role_id |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+----------------+------+----------+-------+
    2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql>

> user表示是1条记录，role是3条记录

*  在user表中新增一条记录，再次查看执行计划：

mysql> select * from user;
    +----+------+---------+
    | id | name | role_id |
    +----+------+---------+
    |  1 | zs   |       1 |
    |  2 | ls   |       1 |
    +----+------+---------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from role;
    +----+--------+
    | id | name   |
    +----+--------+
    |  1 | 保洁   |
    |  2 | 保安   |
    |  3 | 厨师   |
    +----+--------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> explain select * from user u left join role r on u.role_id=r.id;
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | u     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    2 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | r     | NULL       | ALL  | PRIMARY       | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
    2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql>

> 发现`type`字段变为了`ALL`，而不是原来的`eq_ref`。

*  **ref**：通过非唯一索引查询到的数据

创建普通索引：

create index user_name_index on user(name);

查询执行计划：

explain select * from user where name='zs';

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]  
测试完毕删除索引：

drop index user_name_index on user;

*  **range**：使用索引的范围查询（普通列的范围查询不会是range）

我们执行如下两句sql查看执行计划：

explain select * from user u where u.id>20;				-- 使用索引列进行范围查询
    
    explain select * from user u where u.role_id>20;		-- 使用普通列进行范围查询

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]  
给role\_id列添加索引，再次执行sql，查看执行计划：

create index user_role_id_index on user(role_id);			
    
    explain select * from user u where u.role_id>20;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]

*  **index**：查询的是索引列，遍历了索引树

explain select id from user;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]

*  **ALL**：效率最低,遍历全表

explain select * from user;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]  
查询效率从高到底的取值为：

-- 所有的type字段取值：
    NULL > system > const > eq_ref > ref > fulltext > ref_or_null > index_merge > unique_subquery > index_subquery > range > index > ALL
    
    -- 一般情况下type字段取值：
    system > const > eq_ref > ref > range > index > ALL

## 1.6 possible\_keys 字段 ##

查询语句中，可能应用到的索引，并非实际使用到的索引。实际使用到的索引根据key字段来反应。

例如：

-- 给name列加索引
    create index idx_name on user(name); 
    
    explain select * from user where user='1' or user='2';

![在这里插入图片描述][20200521124355259.png]

> 可能用到了`idx_name`索引，但实际没有使用到。

测试完毕删除索引：

drop index idx_name on user;

## 1.7 key 字段 ##

key字段反应sql语句实际使用的索引，为null代表没有使用索引

-- 根据id查询
    explain select * from user where id=1;
    
    -- 根据普通列查询
    explain select * from user where name='zs';
    
    -- 给name列加上索引
    create index idx_name on user(name);
    
    -- 根据索引查询
    explain select * from user where name='zs';

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]  
测试完毕删除索引：

drop index idx_name on user;

## 1.8 key\_len 字段 ##

表示索引中使用的字节数

explain select * from user where id=1;

![在这里插入图片描述][20200521123558390.png]

> 我的id类型为int类型，因此占用4个字节。

我们把id类型改为bigint（Long），再次查看索引使用字节数：

alter table user modify column id bigint;
    
    explain select * from user where id=1;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
测试完毕更改回来：

alter table user modify column id int;

## 1.9 ref 字段 ##

表示某表的某个字段引用到了本表的索引字段

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]

> 表示u表的role\_id引用了本表（r表）的索引字段（PRIMARY）

使用其他索引列关联表：

create index role_name_index on role(name);		-- 给name列加索引。
    
    explain select * from user u left join role r on u.name=r.name;   -- 使用name列来关联

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]

> 表示u表的name字段引用了本表（r表）的索引字段（role\_name\_index

测试完毕删除索引：

drop index role_name_index on role;

## 1.10 rows 字段 ##

根据表统计信息及选用情况，大致估算出找到所需的记录或所需读取的行数。

explain select * from user;
    
    explain select * from role;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]

> user表中有1条记录，role表中有3条记录。

## 1.11 filtered 字段 ##

返回结果与实际结果的差值占总记录数的百分比

insert into user values(2,'ls','4');
    
    explain select * from user u inner join role r on u.role_id=r.id;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]

> r表实际记录3条，上述sql语句关联查询出来的结果只能得出一条结果集，因此命中率为33.33%。

查询此SQL语句查询的记录数。

select * from user u inner join role r on u.role_id=r.id;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27]

> 只有一条记录

## 1.12 extra 字段 ##

显示其他扩展信息

*  **Using filesort**：排序时无法使用到索引时，就会出现这个。常见于order by和group by语句中。效率低

explain select name from user order by name;

![在这里插入图片描述][20200521132116283.png]

*  **Using temporary**：表示SQL语句的操作使用到了临时表。

explain select name from user group by name;

![在这里插入图片描述][20200521132144246.png]

*  Using index：代表使用到了索引，效率高

create index user_name_index on user(name);			-- 创建索引
    
    explain select name from user order by name;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 28]  
测试完毕删除索引：

drop index user_name_index on user;

*  **Using where**：扫描全表。通常是查询条件中不是索引字段。

explain select * from user where name='zs';

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 29]

*  **NULL**：没有用到额外的附加条件

explain select * from user where id=1;

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0JiMTUwNzAwNDc3NDg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 30]

**性能对比：**

Using index > NULL > Using where >= Using temporary > Using filesort

# 二、总结 #

MySQL执行计划的内容是SQL调优时的一个重要依据，我们想要优化SQL语句就必须得先掌握执行计划。这一篇主要是理论知识，也没什么好总结的。

**总结一句话吧，想做MySQL调优，执行计划是必须要掌握的，切记切记！**

## 好了，本篇就说到这里了，看完觉得有帮助的童鞋记得点赞！点赞！点赞！（重要的事情说三遍） ##

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