spring--10--类型转换Converter

妖狐艹你老母 2023-01-07 11:25 117阅读 0赞

# spring–类型转换`Converter` #

### 文章目录 ###

*  spring--类型转换\`Converter\`
 *  1 用法
 *   *  1.1 \`Converter\`接口，\`1:1\`转换
     *  1.2 \`ConverterFactory\`接口，\`1:N\`转换
     *  1.3 \`GenericConverter\`接口，\`N:N\`转换
 *  2 \`ConversionService\`统一转换服务
 *   *  2.1 \`GenericConversionService\`实现注册\`Converter\`
     *   *  2.1.1 \`Converters\`，管理转换服务中所有\`Converter\`的注册
         *  2.1.2\`ConvertersForPair\`用来管理指定的\`ConvertiblePair\`对应的所有\`converters\`
         *  2.1.3 \`ResolvableType\`可解析的类型
         *  2.1.4 \`ConverterAdapter\`适配\`Converter\`
         *  2.1.5 \`ConverterFactoryAdapter\`适配\`ConverterFactory\`
         *  2.1.6 \`ConverterCacheKey\`
         *  2.1.7 \`GenericConversionService\`实现注册\`Converter\`
     *  2.2 \`GenericConversionService\`实现类型转换
     *   *  2.2.1 \`TypeDescriptor\`要转换类型的类型描述
         *  2.2.2 \`GenericConversionService\`实现\`ConversionService\`接口定义的类型转换方法
         *   *  2.2.2.1 \`canConvert\`方法，能否进行转换
             *  2.2.2.2 \`convert\`方法，进行转换
     *  2.3 \`spring\`默认的\`ConversionService\`(\`DefaultConversionService\`)
     *  2.4 使用转换服务

经过上一篇文章对 `PropertyEditor`的学习，相信你也发现了它的一些不足之处

*  线程不安全，`PropertyEditor`使用`setValue()`和`getValue()`方法设值取值是线程不安全的
 *  `PropertyEditor`职责不专一，`PropertyEditor`真正和类型转换相关的就4个方法，其余的方法都是和`GUI`相关的，不符合接口的设计原则。
 *  只能进行`String`到`其他类型`的转换，已经不太满足`spring`的需要了
 *  没有使用泛型，未进行严格的类型控制

由于上面这几点原因，迫使`spring`自己开发一套类型转换体系`Converter`，这个转换器我们就参照`spring`官网对它进行学习了。

# 1 用法 #

## 1.1 `Converter`接口，`1:1`转换 ##

@FunctionalInterface
 public interface Converter<S, T> { 
 
 /** * Convert the source object of type {@code S} to target type {@code T}. * @param source the source object to convert, which must be an instance of {@code S} (never {@code null}) * @return the converted object, which must be an instance of {@code T} (potentially {@code null}) * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the source cannot be converted to the desired target type */
 @Nullable
 T convert(S source);
 
 }

这是`Converter`体系中最简单的接口，里面只有一个方法`convert`，方法实现`S`到`T`的转换

举个例子，这个`Converter`实现`String`到`Integer`的类型转换

public class StringToIntegerConverter implements Converter<String,Integer> { 
 
 public Integer convert(String source) { 
 return Integer.valueOf(source);
 }
 }

## 1.2 `ConverterFactory`接口，`1:N`转换 ##

public interface ConverterFactory<S, R> { 
 
 /** * Get the converter to convert from S to target type T, where T is also an instance of R. * @param <T> the target type * @param targetType the target type to convert to * @return a converter from S to T */
 <T extends R> Converter<S, T> getConverter(Class<T> targetType);
 
 }

它实际上是一个工厂，能够生产所有`S`到`R`类型实现类的`Converter`，真正的转换逻辑仍然是在`Converter`中实现的。

下面这张图是`Spring`内部携带的几个`ConverterFactory`。

![在这里插入图片描述][20210118142220378.png_pic_center]

我们就以`StringToNumberConverterFactory`为例，看看如何使用这个接口吧。

final class StringToNumberConverterFactory implements ConverterFactory<String, Number> { 
 
 //获取Converter的时候必须得传入目标类型
 @Override
 public <T extends Number> Converter<String, T> getConverter(Class<T> targetType) { 
 //创建String到目标类型的Converter转换器
 return new StringToNumber<>(targetType);
 }
 
 
 //真正的转换逻辑交给了这个Converter完成
 private static final class StringToNumber<T extends Number> implements Converter<String, T> { 
 
 private final Class<T> targetType;
 
 public StringToNumber(Class<T> targetType) { 
 this.targetType = targetType;
 }
 
 @Override
 @Nullable
 public T convert(String source) { 
 if (source.isEmpty()) { 
 return null;
 }
 //它交给这个工具类完成
 return NumberUtils.parseNumber(source, this.targetType);
 }
 }
 
 }

## 1.3 `GenericConverter`接口，`N:N`转换 ##

public interface GenericConverter { 
 
 /** * Return the source and target types that this converter can convert between. * Each entry is a convertible source-to-target type pair. * For {@link ConditionalConverter conditional converters} this method may return * {@code null} to indicate all source-to-target pairs should be considered. */
 @Nullable
 Set<ConvertiblePair> getConvertibleTypes();
 
 /** * Convert the source object to the targetType described by the {@code TypeDescriptor}. * @param source the source object to convert (may be {@code null}) * @param sourceType the type descriptor of the field we are converting from * @param targetType the type descriptor of the field we are converting to * @return the converted object */
 @Nullable
 Object convert(@Nullable Object source, TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType);
 
 
 /** * Holder for a source-to-target class pair. */
 final class ConvertiblePair { 
 
 private final Class<?> sourceType;
 
 private final Class<?> targetType;
 
 /** * Create a new source-to-target pair. * @param sourceType the source type * @param targetType the target type */
 public ConvertiblePair(Class<?> sourceType, Class<?> targetType) { 
 Assert.notNull(sourceType, "Source type must not be null");
 Assert.notNull(targetType, "Target type must not be null");
 this.sourceType = sourceType;
 this.targetType = targetType;
 }
 
 public Class<?> getSourceType() { 
 return this.sourceType;
 }
 
 public Class<?> getTargetType() { 
 return this.targetType;
 }
 
 @Override
 public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) { 
 if (this == other) { 
 return true;
 }
 if (other == null || other.getClass() != ConvertiblePair.class) { 
 return false;
 }
 ConvertiblePair otherPair = (ConvertiblePair) other;
 return (this.sourceType == otherPair.sourceType && this.targetType == otherPair.targetType);
 }
 
 @Override
 public int hashCode() { 
 return (this.sourceType.hashCode() * 31 + this.targetType.hashCode());
 }
 
 @Override
 public String toString() { 
 return (this.sourceType.getName() + " -> " + this.targetType.getName());
 }
 }
 
 }

很明显，内部类`ConvertiblePair`代表了一个`source-to-target`类型转换对，转换逻辑由`convert`实现。

一般我们并不会直接使用这个接口来完成类型转换，而是使用`ConditionalGenericConverter`。这个接口是`GenericConverter`和`ConditionalConverter`的组合接口，它并没有自己的接口方法

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzMzMDEyOTgx_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center]

public interface ConditionalConverter { 
    
        /** * Should the conversion from {@code sourceType} to {@code targetType} currently under * consideration be selected? * @param sourceType the type descriptor of the field we are converting from * @param targetType the type descriptor of the field we are converting to * @return true if conversion should be performed, false otherwise */
        boolean matches(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType);
    
    }

`matches`方法判断当前这个`ConditionalConverter`能否实现`sourceType`到`targetType`的类型转换。

接下来我们就来看一下`spring`官网对这个接口举的例子`ArrayToCollectionConverter`，实现数组转集合。

final class ArrayToCollectionConverter implements ConditionalGenericConverter { 
 
 /** * 转换服务，所有的转换器都交由它进行管理 * GenericConverter转换器的转换逻辑最终由它实现 * 这个东西等下讲，非常重要 */
 private final ConversionService conversionService;
 
 
 /** * 只有这一个构造方法 * 必须传入转换服务对象 */
 public ArrayToCollectionConverter(ConversionService conversionService) { 
 this.conversionService = conversionService;
 }
 
 
 @Override
 public Set<ConvertiblePair> getConvertibleTypes() { 
 return Collections.singleton(new ConvertiblePair(Object[].class, Collection.class));
 }
 
 
 @Override
 public boolean matches(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 /** * 是否可以进行转换 * sourceType或targetType为null，结果为true * 经过转换服务判定可以转换，结果为true * sourceType和targetType存在继承关系，结果为true */
 return ConversionUtils.canConvertElements(
 sourceType.getElementTypeDescriptor(), targetType.getElementTypeDescriptor(), this.conversionService);
 }
 
 @Override
 @Nullable
 public Object convert(@Nullable Object source, TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 if (source == null) { 
 return null;
 }
 
 int length = Array.getLength(source);
 //目标结合元素的类型描述
 TypeDescriptor elementDesc = targetType.getElementTypeDescriptor();
 //创建一个length长度的目标类型的集合
 Collection<Object> target = CollectionFactory.createCollection(targetType.getType(),
 (elementDesc != null ? elementDesc.getType() : null), length);
 
 //未指定目标集合的元素类型，不需要转换，直接放入集合
 if (elementDesc == null) { 
 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { 
 Object sourceElement = Array.get(source, i);
 target.add(sourceElement);
 }
 }
 //对数组中的每一个元素进行转换，然后再放入集合中
 else { 
 for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { 
 Object sourceElement = Array.get(source, i);
 //使用转换服务进行转换
 Object targetElement = this.conversionService.convert(sourceElement,
 sourceType.elementTypeDescriptor(sourceElement), elementDesc);
 target.add(targetElement);
 }
 }
 return target;
 }
 
 }

是否可以进行转换

public static boolean canConvertElements(@Nullable TypeDescriptor sourceElementType,
                                             @Nullable TypeDescriptor targetElementType, ConversionService conversionService) { 
    
        if (targetElementType == null) { 
            // yes
            return true;
        }
        if (sourceElementType == null) { 
            // maybe
            return true;
        }
        //转换服务能够进行转换
        if (conversionService.canConvert(sourceElementType, targetElementType)) { 
            // yes
            return true;
        }
        //有继承关系也能转换
        if (ClassUtils.isAssignable(sourceElementType.getType(), targetElementType.getType())) { 
            // maybe
            return true;
        }
        // no
        return false;
    }

# 2 `ConversionService`统一转换服务 #

public interface ConversionService { 
 
 boolean canConvert(Class<?> sourceType, Class<?> targetType);
 
 <T> T convert(Object source, Class<T> targetType);
 
 boolean canConvert(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType);
 
 Object convert(Object source, TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType);
 
 }

这个接口真正来说就两个方法， `canConvert`判断能否进行转换，`convert`转换。

还有一个接口`ConverterRegistry`，它是`spring`定义的`Converter`注册器。

public interface ConverterRegistry { 
 
 
 void addConverter(Converter<?, ?> converter);
 
 
 <S, T> void addConverter(Class<S> sourceType, Class<T> targetType, Converter<? super S, ? extends T> converter);
 
 
 void addConverter(GenericConverter converter);
 
 
 void addConverterFactory(ConverterFactory<?, ?> factory);
 
 
 void removeConvertible(Class<?> sourceType, Class<?> targetType);
 
 }

提供注册和删除`Converter`的方法。

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzMzMDEyOTgx_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70_pic_center 1]

*  `ConfigurableConversionService`是一个空接口，没有方法。从名字就可以看出来，它表示一个可配的转换服务。
 *  `GenericConversionService`提供了`ConverterRegistry`和`ConversionService`的基本实现。
 *  `DefaultConversionService`会自动注册一批`Converter`，为系统提供基本的类型转换能力。

## 2.1 `GenericConversionService`实现注册`Converter` ##

下面是`GenericConversionService`类的`4`个属性

public class GenericConversionService implements ConfigurableConversionService { 
 
 //代表不需要使用转换器
 private static final GenericConverter NO_OP_CONVERTER = new NoOpConverter("NO_OP");
 
 //代表找不到合适的转换器
 private static final GenericConverter NO_MATCH = new NoOpConverter("NO_MATCH");
 
 /** * 内部类，表示统一转换服务持有的所有转换器 * 真正的注册操作委托给这个类实现 */
 private final Converters converters = new Converters();
 
 //缓存，提供快速访问
 private final Map<ConverterCacheKey, GenericConverter> converterCache = new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<>(64);
 }

### 2.1.1 `Converters`，管理转换服务中所有`Converter`的注册 ###

/** * Manages all converters registered with the service. */
 private static class Converters { 
 
 //未明确指定转换类型的Converter
 private final Set<GenericConverter> globalConverters = new LinkedHashSet<>();
 
 /** * ConvertiblePair这个前面说过，记录了一对source到target的转换 * ConvertersForPair它里面定义了一个GenericConverter的list集合，因为 * source到target的转换可以有多个Converter实现 */
 private final Map<ConvertiblePair, ConvertersForPair> converters = new LinkedHashMap<>(36);
 
 /** * 只有一个添加方法，但是有三种类型的转换器 * Converter、ConverterFactory、GenericConverter * 其实这是借助了ConverterAdapter，ConverterFactoryAdapter这两个适配器， * 将Converter、ConverterFactory转换为GenericConverter，方便管理 * ConverterAdapter，ConverterFactoryAdapter是GenericConversionService的内部类 */
 public void add(GenericConverter converter) { 
 //获取当前转换器能够转换的类型（转换对）集合
 Set<ConvertiblePair> convertibleTypes = converter.getConvertibleTypes();
 //没有转换对，就添加到globalConverters中
 if (convertibleTypes == null) { 
 Assert.state(converter instanceof ConditionalConverter,
 "Only conditional converters may return null convertible types");
 this.globalConverters.add(converter);
 }
 //有转换对，遍历
 else { 
 for (ConvertiblePair convertiblePair : convertibleTypes) { 
 //从转换服务中获取转换对对应的转换器集合
 ConvertersForPair convertersForPair = getMatchableConverters(convertiblePair);
 //添加进去
 convertersForPair.add(converter);
 }
 }
 }
 
 private ConvertersForPair getMatchableConverters(ConvertiblePair convertiblePair) { 
 //computeIfAbsent方法，如果不存在convertiblePair，就向map集合中添加该项convertiblePair
 return this.converters.computeIfAbsent(convertiblePair, k -> new ConvertersForPair());
 }
 }

在`2.2.2`中需要用到一个`find`方法，这个方法用来获取转换服务中指定类型转换的转换器

/** * Find a {@link GenericConverter} given a source and target type. * This method will attempt to match all possible converters by working * through the class and interface hierarchy of the types. * @param sourceType the source type * @param targetType the target type * @return a matching {@link GenericConverter}, or {@code null} if none found */
 @Nullable
 public GenericConverter find(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 // Search the full type hierarchy
 //获取给定类所有的层次接结构
 List<Class<?>> sourceCandidates = getClassHierarchy(sourceType.getType());
 List<Class<?>> targetCandidates = getClassHierarchy(targetType.getType());
 //双重循环检查转换服务中是否包含一个source->target的GenericConverter
 for (Class<?> sourceCandidate : sourceCandidates) { 
 for (Class<?> targetCandidate : targetCandidates) { 
 ConvertiblePair convertiblePair = new ConvertiblePair(sourceCandidate, targetCandidate);
 //获取source->target转换的GenericConverter
 GenericConverter converter = getRegisteredConverter(sourceType, targetType, convertiblePair);
 if (converter != null) { 
 return converter;
 }
 }
 }
 return null;
 }
 
 
 /** * 可以看到，它是首先从converters中获取sourceType->targetType的GenericConverter转换器 * 这里面获取不到的时候才从globalConverters中获取 * globalConverters是一个set集合，不像converters是一个map集合，提供了key，快速获取 * 它需要遍历，调用每一个GenericConverter的matches方法判断能否实现sourceType->targetType的转换 */
 private GenericConverter getRegisteredConverter(TypeDescriptor sourceType,
 TypeDescriptor targetType, ConvertiblePair convertiblePair) { 
 
 // Check specifically registered converters
 ConvertersForPair convertersForPair = this.converters.get(convertiblePair);
 if (convertersForPair != null) { 
 GenericConverter converter = convertersForPair.getConverter(sourceType, targetType);
 if (converter != null) { 
 return converter;
 }
 }
 // Check ConditionalConverters for a dynamic match
 for (GenericConverter globalConverter : this.globalConverters) { 
 if (((ConditionalConverter) globalConverter).matches(sourceType, targetType)) { 
 return globalConverter;
 }
 }
 return null;
 }

### 2.1.2`ConvertersForPair`用来管理指定的`ConvertiblePair`对应的所有`converters` ###

/** * Manages converters registered with a specific {@link ConvertiblePair}. */
 private static class ConvertersForPair { 
 
 private final LinkedList<GenericConverter> converters = new LinkedList<>();
 
 //每次新加的都是加在头部
 public void add(GenericConverter converter) { 
 this.converters.addFirst(converter);
 }
 
 //获取Converter的时候会调用matches方法进行匹配
 @Nullable
 public GenericConverter getConverter(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 for (GenericConverter converter : this.converters) { 
 if (!(converter instanceof ConditionalGenericConverter) ||
 ((ConditionalGenericConverter) converter).matches(sourceType, targetType)) { 
 return converter;
 }
 }
 return null;
 }
 }

### 2.1.3 `ResolvableType`可解析的类型 ###

这个类其实在上一篇文章`2.4.4.1`章节中有过简单剖析，它是`spring`对`java.lang.reflect.Type`类型的进一步封装，这个类提供了很多个静态方法简化我们使用反射获取类型信息

*  `forField(Field)` 解析属性类型，返回该属性对应的`ResolvableType`
 *  `forMethodParameter(Method, int)`解析方法索引对应的参数类型，返回该参数对应的`ResolvableType`
 *  `forMethodReturnType(Method)`解析方法返回值类型，返回该返回值对应的`ResolvableType`
 *  `forClass(Class)`解析`Class`类型，返回该`Class`对应的`ResolvableType`

现在我们来详细看一下它的实现原理

/** * Return a {@link ResolvableType} for the specified {@link Class}, * using the full generic type information for assignability checks. * For example: {@code ResolvableType.forClass(MyArrayList.class)}. * @param clazz the class to introspect ({@code null} is semantically * equivalent to {@code Object.class} for typical use cases here) * @return a {@link ResolvableType} for the specified class * @see #forClass(Class, Class) * @see #forClassWithGenerics(Class, Class...) */
 public static ResolvableType forClass(@Nullable Class<?> clazz) { 
 //使用私有的构造方法创建一个ResolvableType对象
 return new ResolvableType(clazz);
 }
 
 
 /** * Private constructor used to create a new {@link ResolvableType} on a {@link Class} basis. * Avoids all {@code instanceof} checks in order to create a straight {@link Class} wrapper. * @since 4.2 */
 private ResolvableType(@Nullable Class<?> clazz) { 
 //resolved（当前解析的类）和type（解析出来的类型）都是clazz
 this.resolved = (clazz != null ? clazz : Object.class);
 this.type = this.resolved;
 this.typeProvider = null;
 this.variableResolver = null;
 this.componentType = null;
 this.hash = null;
 }
 
 
 /** * Return this type as a {@link ResolvableType} of the specified class. Searches * {@link #getSuperType() supertype} and {@link #getInterfaces() interface} * hierarchies to find a match, returning {@link #NONE} if this type does not * implement or extend the specified class. * @param type the required type (typically narrowed) * @return a {@link ResolvableType} representing this object as the specified * type, or {@link #NONE} if not resolvable as that type * @see #asCollection() * @see #asMap() * @see #getSuperType() * @see #getInterfaces() * 这个方法可以获取到clazz父类或者接口的ResolvableType * 可以发现，最终还是调用了as方法递归获取ResolvableType */
 public ResolvableType as(Class<?> type) { 
 if (this == NONE) { 
 return NONE;
 }
 //resolve()返回resolved属性值
 Class<?> resolved = resolve();
 if (resolved == null || resolved == type) { 
 return this;
 }
 //接口
 for (ResolvableType interfaceType : getInterfaces()) { 
 ResolvableType interfaceAsType = interfaceType.as(type);
 if (interfaceAsType != NONE) { 
 return interfaceAsType;
 }
 }
 //父类
 return getSuperType().as(type);
 }

我们来看一下它是如何获取接口和父类

/** * Return a {@link ResolvableType} array representing the direct interfaces * implemented by this type. If this type does not implement any interfaces an * empty array is returned. * Note: The resulting {@link ResolvableType} instances may not be {@link Serializable}. * @see #getSuperType() */
 public ResolvableType[] getInterfaces() { 
 Class<?> resolved = resolve();
 if (resolved == null) { 
 return EMPTY_TYPES_ARRAY;
 }
 ResolvableType[] interfaces = this.interfaces;
 if (interfaces == null) { 
 //反射获取接口信息
 Type[] genericIfcs = resolved.getGenericInterfaces();
 interfaces = new ResolvableType[genericIfcs.length];
 for (int i = 0; i < genericIfcs.length; i++) { 
 //将Type包装为ResolvableType
 interfaces[i] = forType(genericIfcs[i], this);
 }
 this.interfaces = interfaces;
 }
 return interfaces;
 }
 
 
 /** * Return a {@link ResolvableType} representing the direct supertype of this type. * If no supertype is available this method returns {@link #NONE}. * Note: The resulting {@link ResolvableType} instance may not be {@link Serializable}. * @see #getInterfaces() */
 public ResolvableType getSuperType() { 
 Class<?> resolved = resolve();
 if (resolved == null) { 
 return NONE;
 }
 try { 
 //反射获取父类信息
 Type superclass = resolved.getGenericSuperclass();
 if (superclass == null) { 
 return NONE;
 }
 ResolvableType superType = this.superType;
 if (superType == null) { 
 //将Type包装为ResolvableType
 superType = forType(superclass, this);
 this.superType = superType;
 }
 return superType;
 }
 catch (TypeNotPresentException ex) { 
 // Ignore non-present types in generic signature
 return NONE;
 }
 }

方法逻辑很简单，就是使用标准反射获取接口和父类信息，然后包装为`ResolvableType`

`getRequiredTypeInfo`方法也需要看一下，在我们`2.1.6`章节有用到，其实就是获取某个类的泛型信息。

private ResolvableType[] getRequiredTypeInfo(Class<?> converterClass, Class<?> genericIfc) { 
 //反射获取converterClass类上的genericIfc类的信息
 ResolvableType resolvableType = ResolvableType.forClass(converterClass).as(genericIfc);
 //获取该类上泛型信息
 ResolvableType[] generics = resolvableType.getGenerics();
 //泛型必须为2个
 if (generics.length < 2) { 
 return null;
 }
 //第一个泛型的类型
 Class<?> sourceType = generics[0].resolve();
 //第二个泛型的类型
 Class<?> targetType = generics[1].resolve();
 if (sourceType == null || targetType == null) { 
 return null;
 }
 return generics;
 }
 
 
 
 /** * Return an array of {@link ResolvableType ResolvableTypes} representing the generic parameters of * this type. If no generics are available an empty array is returned. If you need to * access a specific generic consider using the {@link #getGeneric(int...)} method as * it allows access to nested generics and protects against * {@code IndexOutOfBoundsExceptions}. * @return an array of {@link ResolvableType ResolvableTypes} representing the generic parameters * (never {@code null}) * @see #hasGenerics() * @see #getGeneric(int...) * @see #resolveGeneric(int...) * @see #resolveGenerics() */
 public ResolvableType[] getGenerics() { 
 if (this == NONE) { 
 return EMPTY_TYPES_ARRAY;
 }
 ResolvableType[] generics = this.generics;
 if (generics == null) { 
 if (this.type instanceof Class) { 
 //反射获取泛型信息
 Type[] typeParams = ((Class<?>) this.type).getTypeParameters();
 generics = new ResolvableType[typeParams.length];
 for (int i = 0; i < generics.length; i++) { 
 //泛型信息包装为ResolvableType
 generics[i] = ResolvableType.forType(typeParams[i], this);
 }
 }
 else if (this.type instanceof ParameterizedType) { 
 Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) this.type).getActualTypeArguments();
 generics = new ResolvableType[actualTypeArguments.length];
 for (int i = 0; i < actualTypeArguments.length; i++) { 
 generics[i] = forType(actualTypeArguments[i], this.variableResolver);
 }
 }
 else { 
 generics = resolveType().getGenerics();
 }
 this.generics = generics;
 }
 return generics;
 }

`toClass()`方法在`2.2.1`章节中用到，它就是获取`ResolvableType`解析出来的`clazz`

/** * Return this type as a resolved {@code Class}, falling back to * {@link java.lang.Object} if no specific class can be resolved. * @return the resolved {@link Class} or the {@code Object} fallback * @since 5.1 * @see #getRawClass() * @see #resolve(Class) * 获取解析出来的类型 */
 public Class<?> toClass() { 
 //如果类型不能被解析，就返回Object
 return resolve(Object.class);
 }
 
 
 /** * Resolve this type to a {@link java.lang.Class}, returning the specified * {@code fallback} if the type cannot be resolved. This method will consider bounds * of {@link TypeVariable TypeVariables} and {@link WildcardType WildcardTypes} if * direct resolution fails; however, bounds of {@code Object.class} will be ignored. * @param fallback the fallback class to use if resolution fails * @return the resolved {@link Class} or the {@code fallback} * @see #resolve() * @see #resolveGeneric(int...) * @see #resolveGenerics() */
 public Class<?> resolve(Class<?> fallback) { 
 //如果类型不能被解析，就返回fallback
 return (this.resolved != null ? this.resolved : fallback);
 }

### 2.1.4 `ConverterAdapter`适配`Converter` ###

典型的适配器模式，实现了`ConditionalGenericConverter`接口，持有一个`Converter`

private final class ConverterAdapter implements ConditionalGenericConverter { 
 
 //持有一个Converter
 private final Converter<Object, Object> converter;
 
 private final ConvertiblePair typeInfo;
 
 private final ResolvableType targetType;
 
 //构造对象的时候需要指定该转换器能够转换的类型
 public ConverterAdapter(Converter<?, ?> converter, ResolvableType sourceType, ResolvableType targetType) { 
 this.converter = (Converter<Object, Object>) converter;
 this.typeInfo = new ConvertiblePair(sourceType.toClass(), targetType.toClass());
 this.targetType = targetType;
 }
 
 @Override
 public Set<ConvertiblePair> getConvertibleTypes() { 
 return Collections.singleton(this.typeInfo);
 }
 
 //判断该Converter能否实现sourceType->targetType的转换
 @Override
 public boolean matches(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 // Check raw type first...
 if (this.typeInfo.getTargetType() != targetType.getObjectType()) { 
 return false;
 }
 // Full check for complex generic type match required?
 ResolvableType rt = targetType.getResolvableType();
 if (!(rt.getType() instanceof Class) && !rt.isAssignableFrom(this.targetType) &&
 !this.targetType.hasUnresolvableGenerics()) { 
 return false;
 }
 return !(this.converter instanceof ConditionalConverter) ||
 ((ConditionalConverter) this.converter).matches(sourceType, targetType);
 }
 
 //ConverterAdapter最终调用它持有的那个Converter进行类型转换
 @Override
 @Nullable
 public Object convert(@Nullable Object source, TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 if (source == null) { 
 return convertNullSource(sourceType, targetType);
 }
 return this.converter.convert(source);
 }
 }

### 2.1.5 `ConverterFactoryAdapter`适配`ConverterFactory` ###

实现了`ConditionalGenericConverter`接口，持有一个`ConverterFactory`

private final class ConverterFactoryAdapter implements ConditionalGenericConverter { 
 
 //持有一个ConverterFactory
 private final ConverterFactory<Object, Object> converterFactory;
 
 private final ConvertiblePair typeInfo;
 
 public ConverterFactoryAdapter(ConverterFactory<?, ?> converterFactory, ConvertiblePair typeInfo) { 
 this.converterFactory = (ConverterFactory<Object, Object>) converterFactory;
 this.typeInfo = typeInfo;
 }
 
 @Override
 public Set<ConvertiblePair> getConvertibleTypes() { 
 return Collections.singleton(this.typeInfo);
 }
 
 /** * 这个matches方法首先判断它持有的ConverterFactory是否实现了ConditionalConverter接口 * 如果实现了，就调用接口方法判断是否匹配，匹配才有后续逻辑 * 然后判断生产的Converter是否实现了ConditionalConverter接口，实现了就调用接口方法 * 也就是说会判断两次，ConverterFactory一次，它生产的Converter一次 */
 @Override
 public boolean matches(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 boolean matches = true;
 if (this.converterFactory instanceof ConditionalConverter) { 
 matches = ((ConditionalConverter) this.converterFactory).matches(sourceType, targetType);
 }
 if (matches) { 
 Converter<?, ?> converter = this.converterFactory.getConverter(targetType.getType());
 if (converter instanceof ConditionalConverter) { 
 matches = ((ConditionalConverter) converter).matches(sourceType, targetType);
 }
 }
 return matches;
 }
 
 
 //最终调用的是ConverterFactory生产的Converter进行类型转换
 @Override
 @Nullable
 public Object convert(@Nullable Object source, TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 if (source == null) { 
 return convertNullSource(sourceType, targetType);
 }
 return this.converterFactory.getConverter(targetType.getObjectType()).convert(source);
 }
 }

### 2.1.6 `ConverterCacheKey` ###

`ConverterCacheKey`类似于`ConvertiblePair`，只不过实现了`Comparable`接口，增加排序的功能。

private static final class ConverterCacheKey implements Comparable<ConverterCacheKey> { 
 
 //ConvertiblePair中直接封装clazz类型
 private final TypeDescriptor sourceType;
 
 private final TypeDescriptor targetType;
 
 public ConverterCacheKey(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 this.sourceType = sourceType;
 this.targetType = targetType;
 }
 
 @Override
 public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) { 
 if (this == other) { 
 return true;
 }
 if (!(other instanceof ConverterCacheKey)) { 
 return false;
 }
 ConverterCacheKey otherKey = (ConverterCacheKey) other;
 return (this.sourceType.equals(otherKey.sourceType)) &&
 this.targetType.equals(otherKey.targetType);
 }
 
 @Override
 public int hashCode() { 
 return (this.sourceType.hashCode() * 29 + this.targetType.hashCode());
 }
 
 @Override
 public String toString() { 
 return ("ConverterCacheKey [sourceType = " + this.sourceType +
 ", targetType = " + this.targetType + "]");
 }
 
 /** * ResolvableType.toString()方法是获取完全类型名 * 分别比较sourceType和targetType */
 @Override
 public int compareTo(ConverterCacheKey other) { 
 int result = this.sourceType.getResolvableType().toString().compareTo(
 other.sourceType.getResolvableType().toString());
 if (result == 0) { 
 result = this.targetType.getResolvableType().toString().compareTo(
 other.targetType.getResolvableType().toString());
 }
 return result;
 }
 }

### 2.1.7 `GenericConversionService`实现注册`Converter` ###

这是`GenericConversionService`类对`ConverterRegistry`接口方法的具体实现

/*********************************注册Converter********************************/
 /** * 注册一个Converter到统一转换服务中，适配为ConverterAdapter * 注册的时候自动解析该Converter适用的转换对 */
 @Override
 public void addConverter(Converter<?, ?> converter) { 
 //获取Converter接口的泛型信息，见2.1.3
 ResolvableType[] typeInfo = getRequiredTypeInfo(converter.getClass(), Converter.class);
 if (typeInfo == null && converter instanceof DecoratingProxy) { 
 typeInfo = getRequiredTypeInfo(((DecoratingProxy) converter).getDecoratedClass(), Converter.class);
 }
 if (typeInfo == null) { 
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to determine source type <S> and target type <T> for your " +
 "Converter [" + converter.getClass().getName() + "]; does the class parameterize those types?");
 }
 addConverter(new ConverterAdapter(converter, typeInfo[0], typeInfo[1]));
 }
 
 
 /** * 注册一个Converter到统一转换服务中，适配为ConverterAdapter * 方法上指定该Converter适用的转换对 */
 @Override
 public <S, T> void addConverter(Class<S> sourceType, Class<T> targetType, Converter<? super S, ? extends T> converter) { 
 addConverter(new ConverterAdapter(
 converter, ResolvableType.forClass(sourceType), ResolvableType.forClass(targetType)));
 }
 
 
 /*******************************注册GenericConverter********************************/
 /** * 注册一个GenericConverter到统一转换服务中，包括注册适配的ConverterAdapter，ConverterFactoryAdapter * GenericConverter内部包含了转换对 * 描述了source到target的转换 */
 @Override
 public void addConverter(GenericConverter converter) { 
 //注册到2.1.1的Converters中
 this.converters.add(converter);
 invalidateCache();
 }
 
 
 /*******************************注册ConverterFactory***********************************/
 /** * 注册一个ConverterFactory到统一转换服务中，适配为ConverterFactoryAdapter * 注册的时候自动解析该Converter适用的转换对 */
 @Override
 public void addConverterFactory(ConverterFactory<?, ?> factory) { 
 ResolvableType[] typeInfo = getRequiredTypeInfo(factory.getClass(), ConverterFactory.class);
 if (typeInfo == null && factory instanceof DecoratingProxy) { 
 typeInfo = getRequiredTypeInfo(((DecoratingProxy) factory).getDecoratedClass(), ConverterFactory.class);
 }
 if (typeInfo == null) { 
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to determine source type <S> and target type <T> for your " +
 "ConverterFactory [" + factory.getClass().getName() + "]; does the class parameterize those types?");
 }
 addConverter(new ConverterFactoryAdapter(factory,
 new ConvertiblePair(typeInfo[0].toClass(), typeInfo[1].toClass())));
 }
 
 /****************************删除对应类型转换的所有Converter******************************/
 @Override
 public void removeConvertible(Class<?> sourceType, Class<?> targetType) { 
 this.converters.remove(sourceType, targetType);
 invalidateCache();
 }

## 2.2 `GenericConversionService`实现类型转换 ##

### 2.2.1 `TypeDescriptor`要转换类型的类型描述 ###

这是`spring`定义的一个类，其实在上一篇文章中已经简单的说了一下这个类，但是在`ConversionService`实现类型转换又用到了，所以我觉得必须开一个小节来看一下它的方法和属性。

首先来看它拥有的属性

public class TypeDescriptor implements Serializable { 
 
 private static final Annotation[] EMPTY_ANNOTATION_ARRAY = new Annotation[0];
 
 //静态属性，缓存
 private static final Map<Class<?>, TypeDescriptor> commonTypesCache = new HashMap<>(32);
 
 private static final Class<?>[] CACHED_COMMON_TYPES = { 
 boolean.class, Boolean.class, byte.class, Byte.class, char.class, Character.class,
 double.class, Double.class, float.class, Float.class, int.class, Integer.class,
 long.class, Long.class, short.class, Short.class, String.class, Object.class};
 
 static { 
 for (Class<?> preCachedClass : CACHED_COMMON_TYPES) { 
 commonTypesCache.put(preCachedClass, valueOf(preCachedClass));
 }
 }
 
 
 //要转换的类型
 private final Class<?> type;
 
 /** * 持有一个ResolvableType，见2.1.3 * ResolvableType代表一个可解析的类型 * 内部定义了很多静态方法，简化我们使用反射获取类型信息 */
 private final ResolvableType resolvableType;
 
 private final AnnotatedElementAdapter annotatedElement;
 }

其次是一些重要方法

/** * Create a new type descriptor for an object. * Use this factory method to introspect a source object before asking the * conversion system to convert it to some another type. * If the provided object is {@code null}, returns {@code null}, else calls * {@link #valueOf(Class)} to build a TypeDescriptor from the object's class. * @param source the source object * @return the type descriptor * 静态方法，为source对象创建一个TypeDescriptor类型描述 */
 @Nullable
 public static TypeDescriptor forObject(@Nullable Object source) { 
 
 /** * 使用getClass()方法获取source对象的clazz，最终调用另一个静态方法valueOf() * 来为指定clazz创建一个TypeDescriptor类型描述 */
 return (source != null ? valueOf(source.getClass()) : null);
 }
 
 /** * Create a new type descriptor from the given type. * Use this to instruct the conversion system to convert an object to a * specific target type, when no type location such as a method parameter or * field is available to provide additional conversion context. * Generally prefer use of {@link #forObject(Object)} for constructing type * descriptors from source objects, as it handles the {@code null} object case. * @param type the class (may be {@code null} to indicate {@code Object.class}) * @return the corresponding type descriptor * 创建一个指定clazz的TypeDescriptor类型描述 */
 public static TypeDescriptor valueOf(@Nullable Class<?> type) { 
 if (type == null) { 
 type = Object.class;
 }
 //先从静态缓存中获取，不存在就使用构造方法重新创建一个TypeDescriptor类型描述
 TypeDescriptor desc = commonTypesCache.get(type);
 return (desc != null ? desc : new TypeDescriptor(ResolvableType.forClass(type), null, null));
 }

从这个`valueOf`方法中我们发现它使用构造方法创建一个`TypeDescriptor`类型描述

/** * Create a new type descriptor from a {@link ResolvableType}. * This constructor is used internally and may also be used by subclasses * that support non-Java languages with extended type systems. It is public * as of 5.1.4 whereas it was protected before. * @param resolvableType the resolvable type * @param type the backing type (or {@code null} if it should get resolved) * @param annotations the type annotations * @since 4.0 */
 public TypeDescriptor(ResolvableType resolvableType, @Nullable Class<?> type, @Nullable Annotation[] annotations) { 
 this.resolvableType = resolvableType;
 /** * toClass()方法见2.1.3 * 获取ResolvableType解析出来的类型 */
 this.type = (type != null ? type : resolvableType.toClass());
 this.annotatedElement = new AnnotatedElementAdapter(annotations);
 }

构造方法中初始化了一些值，重点在`ResolvableType.forClass(type)`，其实所有的类型解析都是借助`ResolvableType`实现的，你可以将`TypeDescriptor`理解为对`ResolvableType`的更进一步包装。

还有这个`getObjectType`方法，如果当前类型描述的类型是基础类型，就得到它的包装类型。`2.2.2.2`中用到。

/** * Variation of {@link #getType()} that accounts for a primitive type by * returning its object wrapper type. * This is useful for conversion service implementations that wish to * normalize to object-based types and not work with primitive types directly. */
 public Class<?> getObjectType() { 
 //通过工具类实现
 return ClassUtils.resolvePrimitiveIfNecessary(getType());
 }

### 2.2.2 `GenericConversionService`实现`ConversionService`接口定义的类型转换方法 ###

我们知道`GenericConversionService`实现了`ConversionService`接口，而`ConversionService`提供了类型转换的方法。

#### 2.2.2.1 `canConvert`方法，能否进行转换 ####

@Override
 public boolean canConvert(@Nullable Class<?> sourceType, Class<?> targetType) { 
 Assert.notNull(targetType, "Target type to convert to cannot be null");
 //valueOf方法获取指定类型的TypeDescriptor类型描述
 return canConvert((sourceType != null ? TypeDescriptor.valueOf(sourceType) : null),
 TypeDescriptor.valueOf(targetType));
 }
 
 /** * 判断能否进行转换就是判断能否获取到sourceType->targetType转换的Converter */
 @Override
 public boolean canConvert(@Nullable TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 Assert.notNull(targetType, "Target type to convert to cannot be null");
 if (sourceType == null) { 
 return true;
 }
 //获取sourceType->targetType转换的Converter
 GenericConverter converter = getConverter(sourceType, targetType);
 return (converter != null);
 }
 
 
 /**********************************************************************************/
 /** * Hook method to lookup the converter for a given sourceType/targetType pair. * First queries this ConversionService's converter cache. * On a cache miss, then performs an exhaustive search for a matching converter. * If no converter matches, returns the default converter. * @param sourceType the source type to convert from * @param targetType the target type to convert to * @return the generic converter that will perform the conversion, * or {@code null} if no suitable converter was found * @see #getDefaultConverter(TypeDescriptor, TypeDescriptor) */
 @Nullable
 protected GenericConverter getConverter(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 //见2.1.6，封装一个ConverterCacheKey
 ConverterCacheKey key = new ConverterCacheKey(sourceType, targetType);
 //先从缓存中获取，没有就从Converters中获取
 GenericConverter converter = this.converterCache.get(key);
 if (converter != null) { 
 return (converter != NO_MATCH ? converter : null);
 }
 
 //没有就从Converters中获取，见2.1.1
 converter = this.converters.find(sourceType, targetType);
 if (converter == null) { 
 //获取转换父子关系的默认转换器
 converter = getDefaultConverter(sourceType, targetType);
 }
 
 //缓存
 if (converter != null) { 
 this.converterCache.put(key, converter);
 return converter;
 }
 
 this.converterCache.put(key, NO_MATCH);
 return null;
 }
 
 /** * Return the default converter if no converter is found for the given sourceType/targetType pair. * Returns a NO_OP Converter if the source type is assignable to the target type. * Returns {@code null} otherwise, indicating no suitable converter could be found. * @param sourceType the source type to convert from * @param targetType the target type to convert to * @return the default generic converter that will perform the conversion */
 @Nullable
 protected GenericConverter getDefaultConverter(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 //转换存在父子关系返回NO_OP_CONVERTER，否则null，见2.1
 return (sourceType.isAssignableTo(targetType) ? NO_OP_CONVERTER : null);
 }

#### 2.2.2.2 `convert`方法，进行转换 ####

前面两个`convert`方法最终调用第三个版本的`convert`进行实现，所以核心的转换逻辑在第三个方法，重点看这个方法。

@Override
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 @Nullable
 public <T> T convert(@Nullable Object source, Class<T> targetType) { 
 Assert.notNull(targetType, "Target type to convert to cannot be null");
 return (T) convert(source, TypeDescriptor.forObject(source), TypeDescriptor.valueOf(targetType));
 }
 
 
 /** * Convenience operation for converting a source object to the specified targetType, * where the target type is a descriptor that provides additional conversion context. * Simply delegates to {@link #convert(Object, TypeDescriptor, TypeDescriptor)} and * encapsulates the construction of the source type descriptor using * {@link TypeDescriptor#forObject(Object)}. * @param source the source object * @param targetType the target type * @return the converted value * @throws ConversionException if a conversion exception occurred * @throws IllegalArgumentException if targetType is {@code null}, * or sourceType is {@code null} but source is not {@code null} */
 @Nullable
 public Object convert(@Nullable Object source, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 return convert(source, TypeDescriptor.forObject(source), targetType);
 }
 
 
 @Override
 @Nullable
 public Object convert(@Nullable Object source, @Nullable TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 Assert.notNull(targetType, "Target type to convert to cannot be null");
 //判断源类型
 if (sourceType == null) { 
 Assert.isTrue(source == null, "Source must be [null] if source type == [null]");
 //convertNullSource方法转换Optional空资源
 return handleResult(null, targetType, convertNullSource(null, targetType));
 }
 //判断源对象是不是源类型的实例
 if (source != null && !sourceType.getObjectType().isInstance(source)) { 
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Source to convert from must be an instance of [" +
 sourceType + "]; instead it was a [" + source.getClass().getName() + "]");
 }
 //获取GenericConverter转换器进行转换
 //getConverter方法见2.2.2.1，获取转换服务中的转换sourceType->targetType的转换器
 GenericConverter converter = getConverter(sourceType, targetType);
 if (converter != null) { 
 Object result = ConversionUtils.invokeConverter(converter, source, sourceType, targetType);
 return handleResult(sourceType, targetType, result);
 }
 //处理找不到对应转换器的情况
 return handleConverterNotFound(source, sourceType, targetType);
 }

下面三个方法在上面用到过，我单独拿出来看一下源码。

/** * Template method to convert a {@code null} source. * The default implementation returns {@code null} or the Java 8 * {@link java.util.Optional#empty()} instance if the target type is * {@code java.util.Optional}. Subclasses may override this to return * custom {@code null} objects for specific target types. * @param sourceType the source type to convert from * @param targetType the target type to convert to * @return the converted null object * 转换Optional空资源 */
 @Nullable
 protected Object convertNullSource(@Nullable TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 //getObjectType获取基元类型的包装类型
 if (targetType.getObjectType() == Optional.class) { 
 return Optional.empty();
 }
 return null;
 }
 
 //处理基元类型，其实就是不能转换为基元类型
 @Nullable
 private Object handleResult(@Nullable TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType, @Nullable Object result) { 
 if (result == null) { 
 //判断targetType类型是不是一个基元类型
 assertNotPrimitiveTargetType(sourceType, targetType);
 }
 return result;
 }
 
 
 //处理找不到能够转换sourceType->targetType的转换器的情况
 @Nullable
 private Object handleConverterNotFound(
 @Nullable Object source, @Nullable TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 
 //验证逻辑和开始一模一样，就是重新验证一遍
 if (source == null) { 
 assertNotPrimitiveTargetType(sourceType, targetType);
 return null;
 }
 if ((sourceType == null || sourceType.isAssignableTo(targetType)) &&
 targetType.getObjectType().isInstance(source)) { 
 return source;
 }
 
 //抛异常
 throw new ConverterNotFoundException(sourceType, targetType);
 }
 
 
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 //断言targetType的类型不为基元类型
 private void assertNotPrimitiveTargetType(@Nullable TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType) { 
 if (targetType.isPrimitive()) { 
 throw new ConversionFailedException(sourceType, targetType, null,
 new IllegalArgumentException("A null value cannot be assigned to a primitive type"));
 }
 }

总结一下转换流程

*  首先判断源类型为`null`，那么不用转换，直接返回转换结果为`null`或`Optional.empty()`。
 *  判断源对象不是源类型的实例，抛异常。
 *  经过上面两步验证通过后，才去转换服务中获取转换`sourceType->targetType`的`GenericConverter`，再用这个`GenericConverter`进行转换。
 *  找不到对应的转换器，就重新验证最上面两步，否则抛异常

## 2.3 `spring`默认的`ConversionService`(`DefaultConversionService`) ##

`GenericConversionService`已经实现了统一转换服务的基本功能，但是里面一个转换器都没有，于是`spring`就提供了`DefaultConversionService`，当我们创建`DefaultConversionService`对象的时候，会自动向里面注册一些我们常用的转换器。

我就直接贴上这个类的全部代码了

public class DefaultConversionService extends GenericConversionService { 
 
 //内部还持有DefaultConversionService的引用
 @Nullable
 private static volatile DefaultConversionService sharedInstance;
 
 /** * Return a shared default {@code ConversionService} instance, * lazily building it once needed. * NOTE: We highly recommend constructing individual * {@code ConversionService} instances for customization purposes. * This accessor is only meant as a fallback for code paths which * need simple type coercion but cannot access a longer-lived * {@code ConversionService} instance any other way. * @return the shared {@code ConversionService} instance (never {@code null}) * @since 4.3.5 * 单例模式，懒汉双重检索获取DefaultConversionService对象 */
 public static ConversionService getSharedInstance() { 
 DefaultConversionService cs = sharedInstance;
 if (cs == null) { 
 synchronized (DefaultConversionService.class) { 
 cs = sharedInstance;
 if (cs == null) { 
 cs = new DefaultConversionService();
 sharedInstance = cs;
 }
 }
 }
 return cs;
 }
 
 /** * Create a new {@code DefaultConversionService} with the set of * {@linkplain DefaultConversionService#addDefaultConverters(ConverterRegistry) default converters}. */
 public DefaultConversionService() { 
 //注册一些默认的Converter
 addDefaultConverters(this);
 }
 
 
 
 /***********************************默认的Converter******************************/
 /** * Add converters appropriate for most environments. * @param converterRegistry the registry of converters to add to * (must also be castable to ConversionService, e.g. being a {@link ConfigurableConversionService}) * @throws ClassCastException if the given ConverterRegistry could not be cast to a ConversionService */
 public static void addDefaultConverters(ConverterRegistry converterRegistry) { 
 addScalarConverters(converterRegistry);
 addCollectionConverters(converterRegistry);
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ByteBufferConverter((ConversionService) converterRegistry));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToTimeZoneConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ZoneIdToTimeZoneConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ZonedDateTimeToCalendarConverter());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ObjectToObjectConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new IdToEntityConverter((ConversionService) converterRegistry));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new FallbackObjectToStringConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ObjectToOptionalConverter((ConversionService) converterRegistry));
 }
 
 /** * Add common collection converters. * @param converterRegistry the registry of converters to add to * (must also be castable to ConversionService, e.g. being a {@link ConfigurableConversionService}) * @throws ClassCastException if the given ConverterRegistry could not be cast to a ConversionService * @since 4.2.3 */
 public static void addCollectionConverters(ConverterRegistry converterRegistry) { 
 ConversionService conversionService = (ConversionService) converterRegistry;
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ArrayToCollectionConverter(conversionService));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new CollectionToArrayConverter(conversionService));
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ArrayToArrayConverter(conversionService));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new CollectionToCollectionConverter(conversionService));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new MapToMapConverter(conversionService));
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ArrayToStringConverter(conversionService));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToArrayConverter(conversionService));
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ArrayToObjectConverter(conversionService));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ObjectToArrayConverter(conversionService));
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new CollectionToStringConverter(conversionService));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToCollectionConverter(conversionService));
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new CollectionToObjectConverter(conversionService));
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new ObjectToCollectionConverter(conversionService));
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StreamConverter(conversionService));
 }
 
 private static void addScalarConverters(ConverterRegistry converterRegistry) { 
 converterRegistry.addConverterFactory(new NumberToNumberConverterFactory());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverterFactory(new StringToNumberConverterFactory());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(Number.class, String.class, new ObjectToStringConverter());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToCharacterConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(Character.class, String.class, new ObjectToStringConverter());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new NumberToCharacterConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverterFactory(new CharacterToNumberFactory());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToBooleanConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(Boolean.class, String.class, new ObjectToStringConverter());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverterFactory(new StringToEnumConverterFactory());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new EnumToStringConverter((ConversionService) converterRegistry));
 
 converterRegistry.addConverterFactory(new IntegerToEnumConverterFactory());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new EnumToIntegerConverter((ConversionService) converterRegistry));
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToLocaleConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(Locale.class, String.class, new ObjectToStringConverter());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToCharsetConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(Charset.class, String.class, new ObjectToStringConverter());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToCurrencyConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(Currency.class, String.class, new ObjectToStringConverter());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToPropertiesConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new PropertiesToStringConverter());
 
 converterRegistry.addConverter(new StringToUUIDConverter());
 converterRegistry.addConverter(UUID.class, String.class, new ObjectToStringConverter());
 }
 }

## 2.4 使用转换服务 ##

首先看`spring`中的第一处应用：属性填充

经过上一篇文章的学习，我们知道属性填充阶段的类型转换是由`TypeConverterDelegate`类的`convertIfNecessary`方法实现的

/** * Convert the value to the required type (if necessary from a String), * for the specified property. * @param propertyName name of the property * @param oldValue the previous value, if available (may be {@code null}) * @param newValue the proposed new value * @param requiredType the type we must convert to * (or {@code null} if not known, for example in case of a collection element) * @param typeDescriptor the descriptor for the target property or field * @return the new value, possibly the result of type conversion * @throws IllegalArgumentException if type conversion failed */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 @Nullable
 public <T> T convertIfNecessary(@Nullable String propertyName, @Nullable Object oldValue, @Nullable Object newValue,
 @Nullable Class<T> requiredType, @Nullable TypeDescriptor typeDescriptor) throws IllegalArgumentException { 
 
 // Custom editor for this type?
 PropertyEditor editor = this.propertyEditorRegistry.findCustomEditor(requiredType, propertyName);
 
 ConversionFailedException conversionAttemptEx = null;
 
 /**********************使用ConversionService进行类型转换*******************/
 // No custom editor but custom ConversionService specified?
 ConversionService conversionService = this.propertyEditorRegistry.getConversionService();
 if (editor == null && conversionService != null && newValue != null && typeDescriptor != null) { 
 TypeDescriptor sourceTypeDesc = TypeDescriptor.forObject(newValue);
 if (conversionService.canConvert(sourceTypeDesc, typeDescriptor)) { 
 try { 
 return (T) conversionService.convert(newValue, sourceTypeDesc, typeDescriptor);
 }
 catch (ConversionFailedException ex) { 
 // fallback to default conversion logic below
 conversionAttemptEx = ex;
 }
 }
 }
 
 
 
 /**************************PropertyEditor的1:1转换********************************/
 Object convertedValue = newValue;
 
 // Value not of required type?
 if (editor != null || (requiredType != null && !ClassUtils.isAssignableValue(requiredType, convertedValue))) { 
 if (typeDescriptor != null && requiredType != null && Collection.class.isAssignableFrom(requiredType) &&
 convertedValue instanceof String) { 
 TypeDescriptor elementTypeDesc = typeDescriptor.getElementTypeDescriptor();
 if (elementTypeDesc != null) { 
 Class<?> elementType = elementTypeDesc.getType();
 if (Class.class == elementType || Enum.class.isAssignableFrom(elementType)) { 
 convertedValue = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String) convertedValue);
 }
 }
 }
 if (editor == null) { 
 editor = findDefaultEditor(requiredType);
 }
 convertedValue = doConvertValue(oldValue, convertedValue, requiredType, editor);
 }
 
 boolean standardConversion = false;
 
 /************************PropertyEditor的1:N和N:N转换*******************************/
 if (requiredType != null) { 
 // Try to apply some standard type conversion rules if appropriate.
 
 if (convertedValue != null) { 
 if (Object.class == requiredType) { 
 return (T) convertedValue;
 }
 else if (requiredType.isArray()) { 
 // Array required -> apply appropriate conversion of elements.
 if (convertedValue instanceof String && Enum.class.isAssignableFrom(requiredType.getComponentType())) { 
 convertedValue = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String) convertedValue);
 }
 return (T) convertToTypedArray(convertedValue, propertyName, requiredType.getComponentType());
 }
 else if (convertedValue instanceof Collection) { 
 // Convert elements to target type, if determined.
 convertedValue = convertToTypedCollection(
 (Collection<?>) convertedValue, propertyName, requiredType, typeDescriptor);
 standardConversion = true;
 }
 else if (convertedValue instanceof Map) { 
 // Convert keys and values to respective target type, if determined.
 convertedValue = convertToTypedMap(
 (Map<?, ?>) convertedValue, propertyName, requiredType, typeDescriptor);
 standardConversion = true;
 }
 if (convertedValue.getClass().isArray() && Array.getLength(convertedValue) == 1) { 
 convertedValue = Array.get(convertedValue, 0);
 standardConversion = true;
 }
 if (String.class == requiredType && ClassUtils.isPrimitiveOrWrapper(convertedValue.getClass())) { 
 // We can stringify any primitive value...
 return (T) convertedValue.toString();
 }
 else if (convertedValue instanceof String && !requiredType.isInstance(convertedValue)) { 
 if (conversionAttemptEx == null && !requiredType.isInterface() && !requiredType.isEnum()) { 
 try { 
 Constructor<T> strCtor = requiredType.getConstructor(String.class);
 return BeanUtils.instantiateClass(strCtor, convertedValue);
 }
 catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) { 
 // proceed with field lookup
 if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { 
 logger.trace("No String constructor found on type [" + requiredType.getName() + "]", ex);
 }
 }
 catch (Exception ex) { 
 if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { 
 logger.debug("Construction via String failed for type [" + requiredType.getName() + "]", ex);
 }
 }
 }
 String trimmedValue = ((String) convertedValue).trim();
 if (requiredType.isEnum() && trimmedValue.isEmpty()) { 
 // It's an empty enum identifier: reset the enum value to null.
 return null;
 }
 convertedValue = attemptToConvertStringToEnum(requiredType, trimmedValue, convertedValue);
 standardConversion = true;
 }
 else if (convertedValue instanceof Number && Number.class.isAssignableFrom(requiredType)) { 
 convertedValue = NumberUtils.convertNumberToTargetClass(
 (Number) convertedValue, (Class<Number>) requiredType);
 standardConversion = true;
 }
 }
 else { 
 // convertedValue == null
 if (requiredType == Optional.class) { 
 convertedValue = Optional.empty();
 }
 }
 
 if (!ClassUtils.isAssignableValue(requiredType, convertedValue)) { 
 if (conversionAttemptEx != null) { 
 // Original exception from former ConversionService call above...
 throw conversionAttemptEx;
 }
 else if (conversionService != null && typeDescriptor != null) { 
 // ConversionService not tried before, probably custom editor found
 // but editor couldn't produce the required type...
 TypeDescriptor sourceTypeDesc = TypeDescriptor.forObject(newValue);
 if (conversionService.canConvert(sourceTypeDesc, typeDescriptor)) { 
 return (T) conversionService.convert(newValue, sourceTypeDesc, typeDescriptor);
 }
 }
 
 // Definitely doesn't match: throw IllegalArgumentException/IllegalStateException
 StringBuilder msg = new StringBuilder();
 msg.append("Cannot convert value of type '").append(ClassUtils.getDescriptiveType(newValue));
 msg.append("' to required type '").append(ClassUtils.getQualifiedName(requiredType)).append("'");
 if (propertyName != null) { 
 msg.append(" for property '").append(propertyName).append("'");
 }
 if (editor != null) { 
 msg.append(": PropertyEditor [").append(editor.getClass().getName()).append(
 "] returned inappropriate value of type '").append(
 ClassUtils.getDescriptiveType(convertedValue)).append("'");
 throw new IllegalArgumentException(msg.toString());
 }
 else { 
 msg.append(": no matching editors or conversion strategy found");
 throw new IllegalStateException(msg.toString());
 }
 }
 }
 
 if (conversionAttemptEx != null) { 
 if (editor == null && !standardConversion && requiredType != null && Object.class != requiredType) { 
 throw conversionAttemptEx;
 }
 logger.debug("Original ConversionService attempt failed - ignored since " +
 "PropertyEditor based conversion eventually succeeded", conversionAttemptEx);
 }
 
 return (T) convertedValue;
 }

> 下面来总结一下这个类型转换流程
> 
>  *  第一步：获取到能够将源类型转换为目标类型的`PropertyEditor`
>  *  第二步：如果得到的`PropertyEditor`为`null`，就去判断统一转换服务能否进行该种类型的转换，如果可以的话，就使用这个转换服务进行转换，否则就进入第三步
>  *  第三步：再次判断得到的`PropertyEditor`，如果不为空，就调用`PropertyEditor`的`setAsText`方法进行类型转换，然后进入第四步，否则直接进入第四步
>  *  第四步：`PropertyEditor`只能进行`1:1`的转换，但如果要转换的类型是集合呢？那么就需要对集合中的每一个元素递归进行转换。这一步就是处理`1:N`和`N:N`转换的

`ConversionService`用法很简单

// No custom editor but custom ConversionService specified?
    ConversionService conversionService = this.propertyEditorRegistry.getConversionService();
    if (editor == null && conversionService != null && newValue != null && typeDescriptor != null) { 
        //获取源对象的TypeDescriptor类型描述，见2.2.1
        TypeDescriptor sourceTypeDesc = TypeDescriptor.forObject(newValue);
        //canConvert方法判断能否转换
        if (conversionService.canConvert(sourceTypeDesc, typeDescriptor)) { 
            try { 
                //调用convert方法进行转换
                return (T) conversionService.convert(newValue, sourceTypeDesc, typeDescriptor);
            }
            catch (ConversionFailedException ex) { 
                // fallback to default conversion logic below
                conversionAttemptEx = ex;
            }
        }
    }

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