在Windows系统和Linux系统中，如何打造一个好终端？

旧城等待， 2022-12-28 12:34 184阅读 0赞

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全文共**6894**字，预计学习时长**18**分钟

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图源：unsplash

在十多年的开发生涯中，笔者热衷于使用shell。命令永远不变，笔者可以创建可靠、快捷的自定义快捷方式，但默认值欠佳。阅读本文将带你了解如何在系统上获得很棒的shell +终端。

术语

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shell用于执行命令。终端（terminal）是运行shell的包装器。在终端上可以设置字体、字体大小、配色方案以及支持多个选项卡。终端仿真器的示例包括GNOME终端、KDE的Konsole，Terminator和XTerm。对于Linux系统，笔者建议保留默认值。Windows适用Windows Terminal；Mac适用iTerm2。

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Linux上的四个终端仿真器（Gnome Terminal、Konsole、XTerm、Terminator）。XTerm不直接支持标签。其他的打开了2个选项卡。它们都运行Bash shell。| 图源：MartinThoma

系统的Shell包括ZSH、Bash、fish。Windows系统典型的shell是PowerShell。可以通过执行echo $ 0来查看正在运行的shell。Linux系统使用更多的是Bash shell。

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在Gnome终端中的三个Linux shell（ZSH、Bash、fish），ZSH shell经过了大量更改；Bash shell和fish shell显示默认值。可见，fish shell具有其他两个shell缺少的内联自动提示功能。| 图源：Martin Thoma。

每个shell都有提示符（prompt）。提示符是光标之前写入的内容。它表示可以输入指令并提供有用的背景信息。在上面的示例中，提示符包含用户名moose，当前计算机pc08 ，当前工作目录 ~/GitHub/MartinThoma/flake8-simplify，活跃git分支feature/19以及进行了±修改的事实。

字体

无论选择哪个，字体都很重要。你可能想要一个等宽字体，相信我一定要安装powerline字体。powerline字体能使shell使用像图像的字符。它可以使提示符效果更好。笔者比较喜欢UbuntuMono和DroidSans Mono：

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上面一行是Ubuntu Mono，下面是Droid Sans Mono。二者都不错，Ubuntu Mono略胜一筹。| 图源：Martin Thoma

也有Fira Code、Jetbrains Mono 这样的“编程字体”。笔者不喜欢它们，因为很难识别所写内容。

Windows终端

首先确保已安装Windows终端。启动终端并找到设置。它是这个指下的“小箭头”：

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点击“Settings”。| 图源：MartinThoma

可以选择JSON文件随自己喜好而更改。如下:

// This file was initially generated byWindows Terminal 1.2.2381.0          // It should still be usable in newerversions, but newer versions might have additional          // settings, help text, or changes thatyou will not see unless you clear this file          // and let us generate a new one foryou.             // To view thedefault settings, hold "alt" while clicking onthe "Settings" button.          // For documentation on thesesettings, see: https://aka.ms/terminal-documentation          {              "$schema": "https://aka.ms/terminal-profiles-schema",                 "defaultProfile": "{2c4de342-38b7-51cf-b940-2309a097f518}",             "initialCols":  120,             "initialRows":  30,                 //Youcanaddmoreglobalapplicationsettingshere.             //Tolearnmoreaboutglobalsettings,visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-global-settings                 //Ifenabled, selectionsareautomaticallycopiedtoyourclipboard.             "copyOnSelect": false,                 //Ifenabled,formatteddataisalsocopiedtoyourclipboard             "copyFormatting": false,                 //Aprofilespecifiesacommandtoexecutepairedwithinformationabouthowitshouldlookandfeel.             //Eachoneofthemwillappearinthe NewTab dropdown,             //   andcanbeinvokedfromthecommandlinewith`wt.exe-pxxx`             //Tolearnmoreaboutprofiles,visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-profile-settings             "profiles":             {                 "defaults":                 {                      //Putsettingsherethatyouwanttoapplytoallprofiles.                 },                 "list":                 [                      {                          //Makechangesheretothepowershell.exeprofile.                          "guid": "{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}",                          "name": "WindowsPowerShell",                          "commandline": "powershell.exe",                          "hidden": false,                          "fontFace": "DejaVuSans Mono for Powerline"                      },                      {                          //Makechangesheretothecmd.exeprofile.                          "guid": "{0caa0dad-35be-5f56-a8ff-afceeeaa6101}",                          "name": "CommandPrompt",                          "commandline": "cmd.exe",                          "hidden": false                      },                      {                          "guid": "{2c4de342-38b7-51cf-b940-2309a097f518}",                          "hidden": false,                          "name": "Ubuntu",                          "source": "Windows.Terminal.Wsl",                          "fontFace": "DejaVuSans Mono for Powerline",                          "colorScheme":  "Solarized Dark",                      },                      {                          "guid": "{b453ae62-4e3d-5e58-b989-0a998ec441b8}",                          "hidden": false,                          "name": "AzureCloud Shell",                          "source": "Windows.Terminal.Azure"                      }                 ]             },                 //Addcustomcolorschemestothisarray.             //Tolearnmoreaboutcolorschemes,visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-color-schemes             "schemes": [                              {                                  "background":  "#073642",                                  "black":  "#073642",                                  "blue":  "#268BD2",                                  "brightBlack":  "#002B36",                                  "brightBlue":  "#839496",                                  "brightCyan":  "#93A1A1",                                  "brightGreen":  "#586E75",                                 "brightPurple":  "#6C71C4",                                  "brightRed":  "#CB4B16",                                  "brightWhite":  "#FDF6E3",                                  "brightYellow":  "#657B83",                                  "cyan":  "#2AA198",                                  "foreground":  "#FDF6E3",                                  "green":  "#859900",                                  "name":  "Solarized Dark",                                  "purple":  "#D33682",                                  "red":  "#D30102",                                  "white":  "#EEE8D5",                                  "yellow":  "#B58900"                              },                              {                                  "background":  "#FDF6E3",                                  "black":  "#073642",                                  "blue":  "#268BD2",                                  "brightBlack":  "#002B36",                                  "brightBlue":  "#839496",                                  "brightCyan":  "#93A1A1",                                  "brightGreen":  "#586E75",                                  "brightPurple":  "#6C71C4",                                  "brightRed":  "#CB4B16",                                  "brightWhite":  "#FDF6E3",                                  "brightYellow":  "#657B83",                                  "cyan":  "#2AA198",                                  "foreground":  "#073642",                                  "green":  "#859900",                                  "name":  "Solarized Light",                                  "purple":  "#D33682",                                  "red":  "#D30102",                                  "white":  "#EEE8D5",                                  "yellow":  "#B58900"                              },             ],                 //Addcustomkeybindingstothisarray.             //Tounbindakeycombinationfromyourdefaults.json,setthecommandto"unbound".             //Tolearnmoreaboutkeybindings,visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-keybindings             "keybindings":             [                 //CopyandpasteareboundtoCtrl+Shift+CandCtrl+Shift+Vinyourdefaults.json.                 //ThesetwolinesadditionallybindthemtoCtrl+CandCtrl+V.                 //Tolearnmoreaboutselection, visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-selection                 { "command": {"action": "copy", "singleLine": false }, "keys": "ctrl+c" },                 { "command": "paste", "keys": "ctrl+v" },                                 //PressCtrl+Shift+Ftoopenthesearchbox                 { "command": "find", "keys": "ctrl+shift+f" },                                 //PressAlt+Shift+Dtoopenanewpane.                 //-"split":"auto"makesthispaneopeninthedirectionthatprovidesthemostsurfacearea.                 //-"splitMode":"duplicate"makesthenewpaneusethefocusedpane sprofile.                 //Tolearnmoreaboutpanes, visithttps://aka.ms/terminal-panes                 { "command": { "action": "splitPane", "split": "auto", "splitMode": "duplicate" },                    "keys": "alt+shift+d" },                 {"command": "closeTab", "keys": "ctrl+w"},                 {"command": "newTab", "keys": "ctrl+t"}             ]          }

下载并安装所有4种“ DejaVu Sans Mono Powerline”字体。在已知的所有系统上，字体安装都是一个流程：双击字体，然后跳出一个有“安装”按钮的窗口。

Linux和Windows终端：Aminal

Aminal是用Go语言编写的终端仿真器。可用于Linux、Windows和Mac。它允许通过配置文件完成颜色、键盘快捷键等配置。首先需要在系统中安装并配置Go语言。Ubuntu的示例如下：

$ sudo apt-get install golang libgl1-mesa-dev xorg-dev$ export GOPATH="$HOME/go"$ export GOBIN=$(go env GOPATH)/bin

接着就可以安装并运行aminal了：

$ go get -u github.com/liamg/aminal$ aminal

Linux系统：Gnome终端

可以通过编辑文件来自定义Gnome终端。这里笔者用12号字设置了Ubuntu Mono衍生的powerline常规字体。

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图源：Martin Thoma

命令是为了zsh而设置，因为这是笔者最喜欢的shell。

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图源：Martin Thoma

颜色设置为solarized dark（从左到右、从上到下）

·        背景: \#2e3436 / \#555753

·        深红: \#cc0000 / 浅红: ef2929

·        深绿: \#4e9a06 / 浅绿: \#8ae234

·        深黄: \#c4a000 / 浅黄: \#fce94f

·        深蓝: \#3465a4 / 浅蓝: \#729fcf

·        深紫: \#75507b / 浅紫: \#ad7fa8

·        深蓝绿: \#06989a / 浅蓝绿: \#34e2e2

·        深灰: \#d3d7cf /浅灰: \#eeeeec

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Linux系统：fish shell

安装fish shell：

sudo apt-get install fish

更改终端仿真器的默认shell为fish。在Gnome终端叫做“自定义命令”

接着安装“Oh My Fish”

curl -L https://get.oh-my.fish | fish

然后将主题设置为agnoster:

omf install agnosteromf theme agnoster

别名

要使终端表现出色，核心部分的命令就要简短。因此为命令创建一个别名，即简短版的原命令。最常见是将目录更改为上一级。假如是在 /home/user/foo/bar中，则要转到 /home/user/foo。大多数shell都必须输入cd .. 。我喜欢将其缩写为 ..。所以别名就是alias ..= cd ..  。

语法可能不同，具体取决于shell。对于Bash、ZSH和fish：

alias short= long

在bash中要插入到 ~/.bashrc，ZSH中则是 ~/.zshrc，fish中也不相同。一些别名如下:

# Shorten thingsalias ..= cd .. alias ...= cd ../../ alias ll= ls -alF alias la= ls -A alias l= ls -CF alias c= clear # If your terminal supports colors, use them!alias ls= ls --color=auto alias grep= grep --color=auto alias fgrep= fgrep --color=auto alias egrep= egrep --color=auto alias diff= colordiff # Works only if you have notify-sendalias alert= notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echoterminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e   s/^s*[0-9]+s*//;s/[;&|]s*alert$//   )"

总结一下：

·        使用不错的终端仿真器。建议Linux系统使用Gnome终端，Mac系统使用iTerm 2，Windows系统使用Windows终端。

·        安装比较好的powerline字体，比如Ubuntu Mono Powerline。

·        在终端仿真器中按照喜好调整字体、字号以及颜色。

·        安装一个好的shell。建议Linux系统使用fish shell，Windows系统使用PowerShell。

·        按需调整shell的提示符。笔者个人喜欢agnoster主题。

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