说说如何搭建微服务开发虚拟机环境

拼搏现实的明天。 2022-12-19 11:46 26阅读 0赞

因为微服务项目一般涉及的工程较多，所以在开发环境会把这些工程部署到虚拟机中，方便测试。

首先给出微服务开发虚拟机环境相关软件清单：

1.  Vagrant 2.2.10
2.  VirtualBox 6.1.16
3.  Windows PowerShell（windows 10 自带）

我们的目标是在 windows 10 下，构建出 Vagrant 管控的、 底层基于 VirtualBox 虚拟机技术的 CentOS 环境。

因为会用到底层虚拟化技术，所以我们需要首先在任务管理器的"性能"页签下，确认是否已启用虚拟化技术，如果没有需要在主板 Bios 中开启。  
![56c703e952ce1712736a48299459e6be.png][]

## 1 Vagrant ##

Vagrant 是一个虚拟机管理工具，通过它，我们可以快速实现虚拟机镜像分发和使用。

Vagrant 官网地址：https://www.vagrantup.com/

> vagrant /ˈveɪɡrənt/  
> One who wanders from place to place without a permanent home or a means of livelihood.

**（1）下载与安装**

从 Vagrant 的[下载页][Link 1] 找到对应操作系统版本的 msi 安装程序。

![abf523d9b721aef9b8e691b208a2abb5.png][]

下载之后，双击 msi 即可进行安装。

安装过程中，我们可以选择 Vagrant 的安装路径：  
![72285f48b77dead0c1803429b922fbb3.png][]

其它没有什么特别的注意点，就是 Copying new files 过程会稍微久一些：  
![74027b26b6858066b12fd59bb5810350.png][]

**（2）验证**

Vagrant 安装成功后，在命令行输入 `vagrant version`，就可以看到如下输出：

![5a6d855743cefa3e308ba93a968bde6e.png][]

也可以使用 `vagrant -v`命令来查看版本号。

## 2 VirtualBox ##

VirtualBox 是一款功能强大的虚拟机软件，由于安装过程较简单，所以这里就不赘述咯。

因为镜像文件占用很大的存储空间，所以最好放在非系统盘中。

在 VirtualBox 中点击管理 -》全局设定

![114d1f51f715dd95b8e894bc90aef703.png][]

进入“常规”设置选项卡，在此可配置虚拟电脑位置：

![3ab12b351acf960db6ba14f708c06371.png][]

## 3 安装 Vagrant Box ##

Vagrant中有两个重要概念：Box和Machine。Box指的是虚拟机应用镜像文件，比如 CentOS 应用。Machine指的是处于运行状态的虚拟机。

这里用到的 CentOS 来源于 https://app.vagrantup.com/boxes/search。

![e3865c38b72018a25faf69014cb7ec34.png][]

安装 box：  
`vagrant box add [box_name] file:///[box_path]`

形如：`vagrant box add --force --name centos7 C:\Users\86135\Documents\deniro-soft\MSA-CentOS7.box`

注意：box 所在的 URI 必须是ascii 码，所以 box 所在的文件夹不能出现中文名。

如果需要覆盖已存在的 box，可以在之前的命令中加入 `--force`。

![e7d85fae6a6bb0ddd36f3a92ec2d6c21.png][]

Vagrant2.x 的`vagrant box add` 命令说明摘录如下：

Usage: vagrant box add [options] <name, url, or path>
    
    Options:
    
        -c, --clean                      Clean any temporary download files
        -f, --force                      Overwrite an existing box if it exists
            --insecure                   Do not validate SSL certificates
            --cacert FILE                CA certificate for SSL download
            --capath DIR                 CA certificate directory for SSL download
            --cert FILE                  A client SSL cert, if needed
            --location-trusted           Trust 'Location' header from HTTP redirects and use the same credentials for subsequent urls as for the initial one
            --provider PROVIDER          Provider the box should satisfy
            --box-version VERSION        Constrain version of the added box
    
    The box descriptor can be the name of a box on HashiCorp's Vagrant Cloud,
    or a URL, or a local .box file, or a local .json file containing
    the catalog metadata.
    
    The options below only apply if you're adding a box file directly,
    and not using a Vagrant server or a box structured like 'user/box':
    
            --checksum CHECKSUM          Checksum for the box
            --checksum-type TYPE         Checksum type (md5, sha1, sha256)
            --name BOX                   Name of the box
            --[no-]color                 Enable or disable color output
            --machine-readable           Enable machine readable output
        -v, --version                    Display Vagrant version
            --debug                      Enable debug output
            --timestamp                  Enable timestamps on log output
            --debug-timestamp            Enable debug output with timestamps
            --no-tty                     Enable non-interactive output
    -h, --help                       Print this help

使用 `vagrant box remove <name>`，可以删除指定名称的 box。

## 4 初始化 Vagrant Box ##

打开 PowerShell（win10 自带，直接在搜索框中可以找到）

![8ac38ef4a2140b4961e6cfdc39ff9a02.png][]

> Windows PowerShell 是一种命令行外壳程序和脚本环境。

通过该命令 `vagrant box list`我们可以查看刚才安装的 CentOS Box：

![ff2df4455c157756f5c4b96148402fc4.png][]

切换到需要安装虚拟机的路径，然后运行 `vagrant init <box_name>`，执行初始化 Box 操作。

![6d6cb8dd7d558ac2cb162ca26b47dcf5.png][]

命令执行成功后，会在当前路径下生成 Vagrantfile 配置文件。

## 5 vagrantfile 配置 ##

在 vagrantfile 中，我们一般会配置以下这些参数。

**（1）配置 box 名称**

`config.vm.box = "centos7"`

**（2）配置私有网络**

私有网络的意思是：只有当前主机才可以访问这个虚拟机。语法示例为：`config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"`

**（3）配置共享文件夹**

Vagrant 提供了将本机目录挂载到虚拟机目录的功能，默认是将Vagrant 配置文件所在目录挂载到虚拟机 `/vagrant` 目录下。语法示例为：`config.vm.synced_folder "C:/VM/Vagrant/data", "/host_data"`。注意：本机目录（示例中的 `C:/VM/Vagrant/data`）必须预先创建好。

配置好后，就会在 `vagrant up` 命令启动后，看到输出日志：

![e06406a0d40a93f1065b995f6b5d7441.png][]

通过 `vagrant ssh` 登录 CentOS 系统后，通过 `cd /` 进入根目录，就会看到主机所共享出来的目录：

![e075cb942ac0f80fe3cd1a7ce92240ab.png][]

**（4）配置虚拟机内存与 CPU 数**

vb.memory = "2048"
    vb.cpus = 2

--------------------

完整 vagrantfile 内容如下：

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
    # vi: set ft=ruby :
    
    # All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
    # configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
    # backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
    # you're doing.
    Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
      # The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
      # For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
      # https://docs.vagrantup.com.
    
      # Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
      # boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
      config.vm.box = "centos7"
      #config.vm.boot_timeout = 600
    
      # Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
      # boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
      # `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
      # config.vm.box_check_update = false
    
      # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
      # within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
      # accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
      # NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
      # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080
    
      # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
      # within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
      # via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
      # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"
    
      # Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
      # using a specific IP.
      config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
    
      # Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
      # Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
      # your network.
      # config.vm.network "public_network"
      # config.vm.network "public_network",use_dhcp_assigned_default_route: true
    
      # Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
      # the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
      # the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
      # argument is a set of non-required options.
      config.vm.synced_folder "C:/VM/Vagrant/data", "/vagrant_data"
    
      # Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
      # backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
      # Example for VirtualBox:
      #
       config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
      #   # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
         vb.gui = true
      #
      #   # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
      #   vb.memory = "1024"
       end
      #
      # View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
      # information on available options.
      config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.memory = "2048"
        vb.cpus = 2
      end
    
      # Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
      # Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the
      # documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
      # config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
      #   apt-get update
      #   apt-get install -y apache2
      # SHELL
    end

## 6 Vagrant 常用命令 ##

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>命令</th> 
   <th>说明</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant box list</td> 
   <td>查看目前已创建的box</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant box add</td> 
   <td>新增 box</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant box remove</td> 
   <td>删除 box</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant init</td> 
   <td>初始化 box</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant up</td> 
   <td>启动虚拟机</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant ssh</td> 
   <td>ssh 登录虚拟机</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant suspend</td> 
   <td>挂起虚拟机</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant reload</td> 
   <td>重启虚拟机</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant halt</td> 
   <td>关闭虚拟机</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant status</td> 
   <td>查看虚拟机状态</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>vagrant destroy</td> 
   <td>删除虚拟机</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

## 7 启动虚拟机 ##

在 Windows PowerShell 中运行 `vagrant up`,等待片刻，就可以在 VirtualBox 中看到虚拟机已经启动起来了。

![159c227f93b09e04a44a9f2df2c93d39.png][]

虚拟机启动成功的输出日志为：  
![a11c1ea6c21d8d37e7095998861c7486.png][]

最后通过 `vagrant ssh` 命令就可以登录虚拟机的 CentOS 系统。

[56c703e952ce1712736a48299459e6be.png]: /images/20221120/73927b12488042cb84ac7dc0d40e3192.png
[Link 1]: https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads
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