网络IO之NIO的演变过程

一时失言乱红尘 2022-12-19 03:51 116阅读 0赞

# NIO演变过程 #

本文会使用strace命令一步一步跟踪程序底层所产生的系统调用来分析NIO的演变过程。

## NIO的阻塞模式 ##

package com.morris.nio;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
    import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
    import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
    import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
    
    public class NioBlockingServer { 
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { 
    
            ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
            serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8899));
    
            while (true) { 
                SocketChannel socketChannel = serverSocketChannel.accept();
                System.out.println("connect success: " + socketChannel.socket().getPort());
    
                ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
                int read = socketChannel.read(byteBuffer);
                if(read > 0) { 
                    byteBuffer.flip();
                    byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.limit()];
                    byteBuffer.get(bytes);
                    System.out.println("receive from client: " + new String(bytes));
                    socketChannel.close();
                }
            }
        }
    }

1.  启动程序`strace -ff -o out java NioBlockingServer`，查看当前目录下第二个.out文件（后续的内容都摘自这个文件），关键内容如下：

socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 6
    bind(6, { sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(8899), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 0
    listen(6, 50) 
    accept(6,

accept方法会一直阻塞，等待连接。

1.  使用telnet客户端建立连接`telnet localhost 8899`：

accept(6, { sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(53610), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::ffff:127.0.0.1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, [28]) = 7
    write(1, "connect success: 53610", 22)  = 22
    write(1, "\n", 1)                       = 1
    read(7,

说明：

*  accept：获取到连接，创建文件描述符7，也就是建立了一个连接。
 *  read：读取数据阻塞。

1.  在telnet客户端中输入hello：

read(7, "hello\r\n", 1024)              = 7
    write(1, "receive from client: hello\r\n", 28) = 28
    write(1, "\n", 1)                       = 1
    dup2(8, 7)                              = 7
    close(7)                                = 0

NIO的阻塞模式其实就是BIO，只不过是不同的API而已。

## 单线程NIO服务器端 ##

单线程实现的NIO服务器端代码如下：

package com.morris.nio;
    
    import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
    import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
    import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
    import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
    import java.util.LinkedList;
    import java.util.Objects;
    
    @Slf4j
    public class SingleThreadServer { 
    
        public static final int PORT = 8899;
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { 
    
            ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open(); // socket
            serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(PORT)); // bind+listen
            serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false); // 设置accept不阻塞
            LinkedList<SocketChannel> socketChannels = new LinkedList<>(); // 存放所有的客户端连接
    
            while (true) { 
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                // 获取连接
                SocketChannel socketChannel = serverSocketChannel.accept(); // 不阻塞 accept
                if (Objects.isNull(socketChannel)) {  // 没有连接会返回null
                    System.out.println("null");
                } else { 
                    log.info("connect success: {}", socketChannel.socket().getPort());
                    socketChannel.configureBlocking(false); // 设置read不阻塞
                    socketChannels.add(socketChannel);
                }
    
                // 读取数据
                ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(1024);
                for (SocketChannel s : socketChannels) { 
                    if (s.isOpen()) { 
                        int readLength = s.read(byteBuffer); // 不阻塞，没数据返回-1 read
                        if (readLength > 0) { 
                            byteBuffer.flip();
                            byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.limit()];
                            byteBuffer.get(bytes);
                            log.info("receive from client: {}", new String(bytes));
                            s.close();
                            byteBuffer.clear();
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

1.  启动程序`strace -ff -o out java SingleThreadServer`，查看当前目录下第二个.out文件（后续的内容都摘自这个文件），关键内容如下：

socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 6
    ... ...
    bind(6, { sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(8899), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 0
    listen(6, 50)                           = 0
    ... ...
    fcntl(6, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK)    = 0
    ... ...
    accept(6, 0x7fdbd410c780, [28])         = -1 EAGAIN (Resource temporarily unavailable)
    ... ...
    write(1, "null", 4)                     = 4
    write(1, "\n", 1)                       = 1

说明：

*  socket：对应java中的`ServerSocketChannel.open()`方法，创建一个socket。
 *  bind和listen：对应java中的bind()方法，bind()方法源码中会去调用listen方法。
 *  fcntl：设置文件描述符6也就是accept()方法为非阻塞（O\_NONBLOCK）。
 *  accept：不阻塞，没有获取到连接就会返回-1，对应java中的accept方法返回null。

此时没有客户端连接，控制台就会一直打印null。

1.  使用telnet客户端建立连接`telnet localhost 8899`

... ....
    accept(6, { sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(49757), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::ffff:127.0.0.1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, [28]) = 7
    ... ...
    write(1, "connect success: 49757", 22)  = 22
    write(1, "\n", 1)                       = 1
    fcntl(7, F_GETFL)                       = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR)
    fcntl(7, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK)    = 0
    read(7, 0x7f6bd4108c50, 1024)           = -1 EAGAIN (Resource temporarily unavailable)

说明：

*  accept：获取到连接，创建文件描述符7，也就是建立了一个连接。
 *  fcntl：设置文件描述符7也就是read()方法为非阻塞（O\_NONBLOCK）。
 *  read：读取数据不阻塞，无数据返回-1。

1.  在telnet客户端中输入hello

优点：不管是接受连接，还是读数据都不会阻塞，这样一个线程就能实现一个服务器的功能。

单线程NIO服务器端的缺点：假设有1万个连接，只有一个连接有数据，那么在用户态需要遍历1万个连接，发生1万次系统调用才知道哪个连接有数据，产生9999次无效的系统调用。那么怎么解决这个问题呢，就需要下面的IO多路复用器。

## 单线程实现IO多路复用器 ##

单线程实现的IO多路复用器代码如下：

1.  启动程序`strace -ff -o out java SingleSelectorServer`

socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 4
    bind(4, { sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(8899), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 0
    listen(4, 50)                           = 0
    fcntl(4, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK)    = 0
    epoll_create(256)                       = 7
    epoll_ctl(7, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, 4, { EPOLLIN, { u32=4, u64=11028390733726875652}}) = 0
    epoll_wait(7,

程序会一直阻塞在epoll\_wait，对应java代码的select()方法。

1.  使用telnet客户端建立连接`telnet localhost 8899`

epoll_wait(7, [{ EPOLLIN, { u32=4, u64=11028390733726875652}}], 4096, -1) = 1
    accept(4, { sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(48222), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, [28]) = 8
    fcntl(8, F_SETFL, O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK)    = 0
    epoll_ctl(7, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, 8, { EPOLLIN, { u32=8, u64=11115416937331425288}}) = 0
    epoll_wait(7,

epoll\_wait返回一个文件描述符4，accept在文件描述符4上建立连接，并将文件描述符4添加至epoll中。

1.  在telnet客户端中输入hello

epoll_wait(7, [{ EPOLLIN, { u32=8, u64=11115416937331425288}}], 4096, -1) = 1                              = 0
    read(8, "hello\n", 1024)                = 6
    write(1, "receive from client: hello\n", 27) = 27
    write(1, "\n", 1)                       = 1                           = 8
    epoll_ctl(7, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, 8, 0x7f009a41e420) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
    close(8)                                = 0
    epoll_wait(7,

epoll\_wait返回有数据到来的文件描述符8，使用read从文件描述符8读取数据。

单线程实现的IO多路复用器的缺点：获取连接和读取数据的业务逻辑耦合在一个线程中，如果读取数据的业务逻辑比较耗时，那么会影响其他客户端连接的建立和数据的读取，可以使用多个线程将获取连接和读取数据的业务逻辑分开。

## 多线程实现IO多路复用器 ##

package com.morris.nio;
    
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
    import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
    import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
    import java.nio.channels.Selector;
    import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
    import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
    import java.util.Iterator;
    import java.util.Set;
    import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
    import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
    import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
    
    public class SingleBossMultiWorkerServer { 
    
        public static final int PORT = 8899;
    
        private static Selector boss;
        private static Selector work1;
        private static Selector work2;
        
        public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { 
    
            ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
    
            serverSocketChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(PORT));
            serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
    
            boss = Selector.open();
            work1 = Selector.open();
            work2 = Selector.open();
    
            BlockingQueue<SocketChannel>[] blockingQueues = new LinkedBlockingQueue[2];
            for (int i = 0; i < blockingQueues.length; i++) { 
                blockingQueues[i] = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
            }
    
            serverSocketChannel.register(boss, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
    
            new BossThread("boss", boss, new Selector[]{ work1, work2}, blockingQueues).start();
            new WorkerThread("work1", work1, blockingQueues[0]).start();
            new WorkerThread("work2", work2, blockingQueues[1]).start();
    
        }
    
        private static class BossThread extends Thread { 
            private Selector selector;
            private AtomicInteger idx = new AtomicInteger();
            private Selector[] selectors;
            private BlockingQueue<SocketChannel>[] blockingQueues;
    
            public BossThread(String name, Selector selector, Selector[] selectors, BlockingQueue<SocketChannel>[] blockingQueues) { 
                this.setName(name);
                this.selector = selector;
                this.selectors = selectors;
                this.blockingQueues = blockingQueues;
            }
    
            @Override
            public void run() { 
    
                try { 
                    while (true) { 
                        if (selector.select() > 0) { 
                            Set<SelectionKey> selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
                            Iterator<SelectionKey> iterator = selectionKeys.iterator();
                            while (iterator.hasNext()) { 
                                SelectionKey selectionKey = iterator.next();
                                iterator.remove();
                                ServerSocketChannel ssc = (ServerSocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
                                SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept();
    
                                System.out.println("connect success " + sc.socket().getPort());
    
                                int index = idx.getAndIncrement() % selectors.length;
                                blockingQueues[index].offer(sc);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } catch (IOException e) { 
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    
    
        private static class WorkerThread extends Thread { 
    
            private Selector selector;
            private BlockingQueue<SocketChannel> blockingQueue;
    
            public WorkerThread(String name, Selector selector, BlockingQueue<SocketChannel> blockingQueue) { 
                this.setName(name);
                this.selector = selector;
                this.blockingQueue = blockingQueue;
            }
    
            @Override
            public void run() { 
    
                try { 
                    while (true) { 
    
                        while (!blockingQueue.isEmpty()) { 
                            SocketChannel socketChannel = blockingQueue.take();
                            socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
                            socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                        }
    
                        if (selector.select(100) > 0) { 
                            Set<SelectionKey> selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
                            Iterator<SelectionKey> iterator = selectionKeys.iterator();
                            while (iterator.hasNext()) { 
                                SelectionKey selectionKey = iterator.next();
                                iterator.remove();
                                SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
                                ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(1024);
                                socketChannel.read(byteBuffer);
    
                                byteBuffer.flip();
                                byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.limit()];
                                byteBuffer.get(bytes);
    
                                System.out.println("receive from client: " + new String(bytes));
                                socketChannel.close();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } catch (IOException | InterruptedException e) { 
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }