Docker学习,Docker常见命令

待我称王封你为后i 2022-10-16 00:51 184阅读 0赞

# Docker常见命令: #

## 启动docker ##

service docker start

## 镜像命令: ##

> docker version     ----查看docker版本  
> docker info       ----查看docker版本信息包括镜像信息  
> docker 命令 --help    ----查看帮助, 查询更多命令  
> docker images     ----查看所有本地的主机上镜像

[root@linux ~]# docker images
    REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
    hello-world   latest    d1165f221234   2 months ago   13.3kB
    
    #解释
    REPOSITORY    	镜像的仓库源
    TAG  					镜像的标签
    IMAGE ID  			镜像的id
    CREATED      		镜像的创建时间
    SIZE     				镜像的大小
    
    #可选项
      -a, --all               列出所有的镜像
      -q, --quiet           只显示镜像的id

> docker search   镜像搜索

[root@linux ~]# docker search mysql
    NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
    mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10917     [OK]       
    mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4123      [OK]       
    mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   810                  [OK]
    
    # 可选项 ,通过收藏数来过滤
    --filter=STARS=3000    #搜索出来的镜像就是STARS大于3000的
    
    [root@linux ~]# docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000
    NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
    mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10917     [OK]       
    mariadb   MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4123      [OK]

> docker pull    下载镜像

# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
    [root@linux ~]# docker pull mysql
    Using default tag: latest       #如果不写tag,默认就是latest 最新版
    latest: Pulling from library/mysql
    69692152171a: Pull complete    #分层下载,docker image的核心  联合文件系统
    1651b0be3df3: Pull complete 
    951da7386bc8: Pull complete 
    0f86c95aa242: Pull complete 
    37ba2d8bd4fe: Pull complete 
    6d278bb05e94: Pull complete 
    497efbd93a3e: Pull complete 
    f7fddf10c2c2: Pull complete 
    16415d159dfb: Pull complete 
    0e530ffc6b73: Pull complete 
    b0a4a1a77178: Pull complete 
    cd90f92aa9ef: Pull complete 
    Digest: sha256:d50098d7fcb25b1fcb24e2d3247cae3fc55815d64fec640dc395840f8fa80969
    Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
    docker.io/library/mysql:latest  #真实地址
    
    #等价于它:
    docker pull mysql
    docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest 
    
    #指定版本下载:
    [root@linux ~]# docker pull mysql:5.7
    5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
    69692152171a: Already exists 
    1651b0be3df3: Already exists 
    951da7386bc8: Already exists 
    0f86c95aa242: Already exists 
    37ba2d8bd4fe: Already exists 
    6d278bb05e94: Already exists 
    497efbd93a3e: Already exists 
    a023ae82eef5: Pull complete 
    e76c35f20ee7: Pull complete 
    e887524d2ef9: Pull complete 
    ccb65627e1c3: Pull complete 
    Digest: sha256:a682e3c78fc5bd941e9db080b4796c75f69a28a8cad65677c23f7a9f18ba21fa
    Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
    docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

> docker rmi    删除镜像

[root@linux ~]# docker rmi -f 容器id   #删除指定容器
    [root@linux ~]# docker rmi -f 容器id 容器id 容器id    #删除多个容器
    [root@linux ~]# docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)    #删除全部的容器

## 容器命令 ##

**说明:我们有了镜像才可以创建容器,linux,下载一个centos镜像来测试学习**

> docker pull centos    下载centos

**新建容器并启动**

# docker run [可选参数] image
    #参数说明
    --name="Name"  容器名字  tomcat01 tomcat02 ,用来区分容器
    -d          后台方式运行
    -it         使用交互方式运行 ,进入容器查看内容
    -p         指定容器的端口  -p 8080:8080
          -p  ip:主机端口:容器对口
          -p  主机端口:容器对口(常用)
          -p 容器多扣
          容器端口
    -p         随机指定端口
    
    #测试  启动并进入容器
    [root@linux ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash    #启动并进入容器
    [root@e004fab4582e /]# ls     #查看容器内的centos,基础版本,很多命令是不完善的
    bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
    [root@e004fab4582e /]# exit   #从容器中退回主机
    exit
    
    #exit  #直接容器停止并退出
    Ctrl+P+Q  #快捷键  容器不停止退出

**列出所有的运行的容器**

#docker ps 命令
            # 列出当前正在运行的容器
    -a      #列出当前正在运行的容器 + 带出历史运行过的容器
    -n=?    #显示最近创建的容器
    -q      #只显示容器的编号
    [root@linux ~]# docker ps
    CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
    [root@linux ~]# docker ps -a
    CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
    e004fab4582e   centos         "/bin/bash"   4 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago             unruffled_bose
    0fc738f7d899   d1165f221234   "/hello"      23 hours ago    Exited (0) 23 hours ago              distracted_tharp
    [root@linux ~]#

**删除容器**

docker rm  容器id			      #删除指定的容器,不能删除正在运行的容器,如果要强制删除 rm -f
    docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)     #删除所有的容器
    docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm   #删除所有的容器

**启动和停止容器的操作**

docker start 容器id     	#启动容器
    docker restart 容器id 	#重启容器
    docker kill 容器id		#停止当前正在运行的容器
    docker stop 容器id 		#强制停止当前容器

## 常用的其他命令 ##

**后台启动容器**

#命令 docker run -d 镜像名
    [root@linux ~]# docker run -d centos
    
    #问题docker ps ,发现centos 停止了
    
    #常见的坑: docker容器使用后台运行,就必须要有要一个前台进程,docker发现没有应用,就会自动停止
    #nginx ,容器启动后,发现自己没有提供服务,就会立刻停止,就是没有程序了

**查看日志命令:docker logs -f -t --tail 条数 容器id**

#自己编写一段shell脚本
    [root@linux ~]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo zhangshengqiang;sleep 1;done"
    
    [root@linux ~]# docker ps
    CONTAINER ID   IMAGE    
    ea3547266a92   centos  
    
    #显示日志
    -tf            #显示日志
    --tail 条数     #显示日志条数
    [root@linux ~]# docker logs -tf --tail 10 ea3547266a92

**查看容器中进程信息命令: docker top 容器id**

[root@linux ~]# docker top ea3547266a92
    UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                
    root                4636                4616                0                   10:55               ?                   00:00:00            
    root                4967                4636                0                   11:00               ?                   00:00:00  
    # ppid 为进程id

**查看镜像元数据**

#命令 docker inspect 容器id
    
    [root@linux ~]# docker inspect ea3547266a92
    [
        {
            "Id": "ea3547266a92ef67ca1a6be44d9e34876f9ed7c313c49e7f6abf379cc39a6022",
            "Created": "2021-05-26T02:55:51.00865094Z",
            "Path": "/bin/sh",
            "Args": [
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo zhangshengqiang;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "State": {
                "Status": "running",
                "Running": true,
                "Paused": false,
                "Restarting": false,
                "OOMKilled": false,
                "Dead": false,
                "Pid": 4636,
                "ExitCode": 0,
                "Error": "",
                "StartedAt": "2021-05-26T02:55:51.289545138Z",
                "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
            },
            "Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",
            "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/ea3547266a92ef67ca1a6be44d9e34876f9ed7c313c49e7f6abf379cc39a6022/resolv.conf",
            "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/ea3547266a92ef67ca1a6be44d9e34876f9ed7c313c49e7f6abf379cc39a6022/hostname",
            "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/ea3547266a92ef67ca1a6be44d9e34876f9ed7c313c49e7f6abf379cc39a6022/hosts",
            "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/ea3547266a92ef67ca1a6be44d9e34876f9ed7c313c49e7f6abf379cc39a6022/ea3547266a92ef67ca1a6be44d9e34876f9ed7c313c49e7f6abf379cc39a6022-json.log",
            "Name": "/pensive_bhabha",
            "RestartCount": 0,
            "Driver": "overlay2",
            "Platform": "linux",
            "MountLabel": "",
            "ProcessLabel": "",
            "AppArmorProfile": "",
            "ExecIDs": null,
            "HostConfig": {
                "Binds": null,
                "ContainerIDFile": "",
                "LogConfig": {
                    "Type": "json-file",
                    "Config": {}
                },
                "NetworkMode": "default",
                "PortBindings": {},
                "RestartPolicy": {
                    "Name": "no",
                    "MaximumRetryCount": 0
                },
                "AutoRemove": false,
                "VolumeDriver": "",
                "VolumesFrom": null,
                "CapAdd": null,
                "CapDrop": null,
                "CgroupnsMode": "host",
                "Dns": [],
                "DnsOptions": [],
                "DnsSearch": [],
                "ExtraHosts": null,
                "GroupAdd": null,
                "IpcMode": "private",
                "Cgroup": "",
                "Links": null,
                "OomScoreAdj": 0,
                "PidMode": "",
                "Privileged": false,
                "PublishAllPorts": false,
                "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
                "SecurityOpt": null,
                "UTSMode": "",
                "UsernsMode": "",
                "ShmSize": 67108864,
                "Runtime": "runc",
                "ConsoleSize": [
                    0,
                    0
                ],
                "Isolation": "",
                "CpuShares": 0,
                "Memory": 0,
                "NanoCpus": 0,
                "CgroupParent": "",
                "BlkioWeight": 0,
                "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
                "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
                "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
                "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
                "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
                "CpuPeriod": 0,
                "CpuQuota": 0,
                "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
                "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
                "CpusetCpus": "",
                "CpusetMems": "",
                "Devices": [],
                "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
                "DeviceRequests": null,
                "KernelMemory": 0,
                "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
                "MemoryReservation": 0,
                "MemorySwap": 0,
                "MemorySwappiness": null,
                "OomKillDisable": false,
                "PidsLimit": null,
                "Ulimits": null,
                "CpuCount": 0,
                "CpuPercent": 0,
                "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
                "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
                "MaskedPaths": [
                    "/proc/asound",
                    "/proc/acpi",
                    "/proc/kcore",
                    "/proc/keys",
                    "/proc/latency_stats",
                    "/proc/timer_list",
                    "/proc/timer_stats",
                    "/proc/sched_debug",
                    "/proc/scsi",
                    "/sys/firmware"
                ],
                "ReadonlyPaths": [
                    "/proc/bus",
                    "/proc/fs",
                    "/proc/irq",
                    "/proc/sys",
                    "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
                ]
            },
            "GraphDriver": {
                "Data": {
                    "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e71eae315c57ca436e5cb94bf685337cc427a3f35840a95ce4016fe425e0c013-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ebf98ccb6e5b26af40f081ecf52b344c5de50abaa69f998e549e7654e4396ef2/diff",
                    "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e71eae315c57ca436e5cb94bf685337cc427a3f35840a95ce4016fe425e0c013/merged",
                    "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e71eae315c57ca436e5cb94bf685337cc427a3f35840a95ce4016fe425e0c013/diff",
                    "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e71eae315c57ca436e5cb94bf685337cc427a3f35840a95ce4016fe425e0c013/work"
                },
                "Name": "overlay2"
            },
            "Mounts": [],
            "Config": {
                "Hostname": "ea3547266a92",
                "Domainname": "",
                "User": "",
                "AttachStdin": false,
                "AttachStdout": false,
                "AttachStderr": false,
                "Tty": false,
                "OpenStdin": false,
                "StdinOnce": false,
                "Env": [
                    "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
                ],
                "Cmd": [
                    "/bin/sh",
                    "-c",
                    "while true;do echo zhangshengqiang;sleep 1;done"
                ],
                "Image": "centos",
                "Volumes": null,
                "WorkingDir": "",
                "Entrypoint": null,
                "OnBuild": null,
                "Labels": {
                    "org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
                    "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                    "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                    "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                    "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
                }
            },
            "NetworkSettings": {
                "Bridge": "",
                "SandboxID": "a134e76b02c02309b8908534d63242133ae06e4e6675db68a20a19adafefddf0",
                "HairpinMode": false,
                "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
                "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                "Ports": {},
                "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/a134e76b02c0",
                "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
                "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
                "EndpointID": "27b6829c4fc6705ff86c4da7b21c3289e7f88caa8270444e020376118626aa0b",
                "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                "IPv6Gateway": "",
                "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                "Networks": {
                    "bridge": {
                        "IPAMConfig": null,
                        "Links": null,
                        "Aliases": null,
                        "NetworkID": "7049217776ba2fee12a209c9c6aa85c193da3fd6a509e974ccf28d13ecef4831",
                        "EndpointID": "27b6829c4fc6705ff86c4da7b21c3289e7f88caa8270444e020376118626aa0b",
                        "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                        "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                        "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                        "IPv6Gateway": "",
                        "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                        "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                        "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                        "DriverOpts": null
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    ]

**进入当前正在运行的容器**

#我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的,需要进入容器,修改一些配置
    
    #命令 
    docker exec -it 容器id bashShell
    
    [root@linux ~]# docker exec -it ea3547266a92 /bin/bash
    [root@ea3547266a92 /]# ls
    bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
    [root@ea3547266a92 /]# ps -ef
    UID         PID   PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
    root          1      0  0 02:55 ?        00:00:00 /bin/sh -c while true;do echo zhangshengqiang;sleep 1;done
    root        871      0  0 03:10 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/bash
    root        894      1  0 03:10 ?        00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1
    root        895    871  0 03:10 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
    [root@ea3547266a92 /]# 
    
    #方式二
    docker attach 容器id
    #正在执行当前的代码...
    
    #docker exec    #进入容器后开启一个行的终端,可以在里面操作(常用).
    #docker attach  #进入容器正在执行的终端,不会启动新的进程!

**从容器内拷贝文件到主机**

#查看主机home目录
    [root@linux home]# ls
    redis  zhang  zhang.java
    
    #进入docker容器内部
    [root@linux home]# docker attach 57de97676d5e
    [root@57de97676d5e /]# cd  /home/
    [root@57de97676d5e home]# ls
    
    #在容器内新建一个文件
    [root@57de97676d5e home]# touch sheng.java
    [root@57de97676d5e home]# ls
    sheng.java
    [root@57de97676d5e home]# exit
    exit
    [root@linux home]# docker ps
    CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
    [root@linux home]# docker ps -a
    CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS                       PORTS     NAMES
    57de97676d5e   centos         "/bin/bash"              3 minutes ago    Exited (0) 15 seconds ago              hungry_ishizaka
    
    #将这文件拷贝出来到主机上
    [root@linux home]# docker cp 57de97676d5e:/home/sheng.java /home
    [root@linux home]# ls
    redis  sheng.java  zhang  zhang.java
    [root@linux home]# 
    
    #拷贝是一个手动过程,未来我们使用 -v 卷的技术,可以实现容器和主机目录同步