单例模式，你学到什么阶段了？

缺乏、安全感 2022-10-05 09:45 162阅读 0赞

### 饿汉式 ###

不考虑反射问题

public class Hungry {
        
    
        private Hungry() {
        
    
        }
        private final static Hungry HUNGRY = new Hungry();
    
        public static Hungry getInstance() {
        
            return HUNGRY;
        
        }
    }

存在的问题：由于在未使用前就创建了对象，所以会比较消耗内存

多线程创建测试：

package com.eh.single;
    
    public class Hungry {
        
        private Hungry() {
        
    
        }
        private final static Hungry HUNGRY = new Hungry();
    
        public static Hungry getInstance() {
        
            return HUNGRY;
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
        
            new Thread(() -> {
        
                Hungry instance = Hungry.getInstance();
                System.out.println(instance);
            }).start();
            new Thread(() -> {
        
                Hungry instance = Hungry.getInstance();
                System.out.println(instance);
            }).start();
            new Thread(() -> {
        
                Hungry instance = Hungry.getInstance();
                System.out.println(instance);
            }).start();
            new Thread(() -> {
        
                Hungry instance = Hungry.getInstance();
                System.out.println(instance);
            }).start();
        }
    }

运行结果：

![92e8627e198a0a5e97b85569cb2eb3fd.png][]

可以发现四个线程同时创建的对象都是一样的，因此饿汉式不存在多线程问题

### 懒汉式 ###

不考虑多线程、反射问题写法

public class LazyMan {
        
        private static LazyMan lazyMan;
        
        private LazyMan() {
         }
    
        public static LazyMan getInstance() {
        
            lazyMan = new LazyMan();
            return lazyMan;
        }
    }

多线程测试：

public class LazyMan {
        
        private static LazyMan lazyMan;
    
        private LazyMan() {
        
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "ok");
        }
    
        public static LazyMan getInstance() {
        
            if (lazyMan == null) {
        
                lazyMan = new LazyMan();
            }
            return lazyMan;
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
        
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        
                new Thread(() -> {
        
                    LazyMan instance = LazyMan.getInstance();
                    System.out.println(instance);
                }).start();
            }
        }
    }

运行截图：

![25f15940699e07f683e732c17a8704e1.png][]

可以发现多个同时创建的懒汉对象不一样，所以存在多线程问题

多线程问题改进

public class LazyMan {
        
        private static LazyMan lazyMan;
    
        private LazyMan() {
        }
    
        public static LazyMan getInstance() {
        
            if (lazyMan == null) {
        
                synchronized (LazyMan.class) {
        
                    if (lazyMan == null) {
        
                        lazyMan = new LazyMan();
                    }
                }
            }
            return lazyMan;
        }
    }

多线程问题改进后，还存在指令重排问题，即`lazyMan = new LazyMan();`并不一定是按照我们所想的顺序执行，需要避免指令重排

避免指令重排问题改进

`volatile`可以避免指令重排

package com.eh.single;
    
    public class LazyMan {
        
        private volatile static LazyMan lazyMan;
    
        private LazyMan() {
        }
    
        public static LazyMan getInstance() {
        
            if (lazyMan == null) {
        
                synchronized (LazyMan.class) {
        
                    if (lazyMan == null) {
        
                        lazyMan = new LazyMan();
                    }
                }
            }
            return lazyMan;
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
        
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        
                new Thread(() -> {
        
                    LazyMan instance = LazyMan.getInstance();
                    System.out.println(instance);
                }).start();
            }
        }
    }

此时改进后的懒汉模式被称之为`DCL懒汉式`

但是此时的懒汉式还存在问题，即外部可以通过反射的方式创建多个对象

需要再次改进（添加一个标记用于记录`LazyMan`是否创建）

package com.eh.single;
    
    public class LazyMan {
        
        // 用于标记LazyMan是否创建
        private static boolean flag = false;
    
        private volatile static LazyMan lazyMan;
    
        private LazyMan() {
        
            synchronized (LazyMan.class) {
        
                if (flag) {
        
                    throw new RuntimeException("不要多次创建");
                } else {
        
                    flag = true;
                }
            }
        }
    
        public static LazyMan getInstance() {
        
            if (lazyMan == null) {
        
                synchronized (LazyMan.class) {
        
                    if (lazyMan == null) {
        
                        lazyMan = new LazyMan();
                    }
                }
            }
            return lazyMan;
        }
    }

此时的单例模式就相对比较安全，如果想要更安全就需要使用到枚举类，这里就不多赘述…

[92e8627e198a0a5e97b85569cb2eb3fd.png]: /images/20221005/f02291aee0a5496b9011340d90be5710.png
[25f15940699e07f683e732c17a8704e1.png]: /images/20221005/de9ab6fa37134238a6d6f3b2c9d947eb.png