几个简单的SQL例子

﹏ヽ暗。殇╰゛Y 2022-09-20 08:46 289阅读 0赞

1.说明：复制表(只复制结构,源表名：a 新表名：b)  
SQL: select \* into b from a where 1<>1  
  
2.说明：拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名：a 目标表名：b)  
  
SQL: insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from a;  
  
3.说明：显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间  
  
SQL: select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b  
  
4.说明：外连接查询(表名1：a 表名2：b)  
  
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUTER JOIN b ON a.a = b.c  
  
5.说明：日程安排提前五分钟提醒  
  
SQL: select \* from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5  
  
6.说明：两张关联表，删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息  
  
SQL:  
  
delete from info where not exists ( select \* from infobz where info.infid=infobz.infid )  
  
说明：--  
  
SQL:  
  
SELECT A.NUM, A.NAME, B.UPD\_DATE, B.PREV\_UPD\_DATE  
  
FROM TABLE1,  
  
(SELECT X.NUM, X.UPD\_DATE, Y.UPD\_DATE PREV\_UPD\_DATE  
  
FROM (SELECT NUM, UPD\_DATE, INBOUND\_QTY, STOCK\_ONHAND  
  
FROM TABLE2  
  
WHERE TO\_CHAR(UPD\_DATE,'YYYY/MM') = TO\_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY/MM')) X,  
  
(SELECT NUM, UPD\_DATE, STOCK\_ONHAND  
  
FROM TABLE2  
  
WHERE TO\_CHAR(UPD\_DATE,'YYYY/MM') =  
  
TO\_CHAR(TO\_DATE(TO\_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY/MM') || '/01','YYYY/MM/DD') - 1, 'YYYY/MM') ) Y,  
  
WHERE X.NUM = Y.NUM （+）  
  
AND X.INBOUND\_QTY + NVL(Y.STOCK\_ONHAND,0) <> X.STOCK\_ONHAND ) B  
  
WHERE A.NUM = B.NUM  
  
说明：--  
  
SQL:  
  
select \* from studentinfo where not exists(select \* from student where studentinfo.id=student.id) and 系名称='"&strdepartmentname&"' and 专业名称='"&strprofessionname&"' order by 性别,生源地,高考总成绩  
  
7.说明：  
  
从 **数据库**中去一年的各单位电话费统计(电话费定额贺电化肥清单两个表来源）  
  
SQL:  
  
SELECT a.userper, a.tel, a.standfee, TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'yyyy') AS telyear,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '01', a.factration)) AS JAN,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '02', a.factration)) AS FRI,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '03', a.factration)) AS MAR,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '04', a.factration)) AS APR,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '05', a.factration)) AS MAY,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '06', a.factration)) AS JUE,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '07', a.factration)) AS JUL,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '08', a.factration)) AS AGU,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '09', a.factration)) AS SEP,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '10', a.factration)) AS OCT,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '11', a.factration)) AS NOV,  
  
SUM(decode(TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'mm'), '12', a.factration)) AS DEC  
  
FROM (SELECT a.userper, a.tel, a.standfee, b.telfeedate, b.factration  
  
FROM TELFEESTAND a, TELFEE b  
  
WHERE a.tel = b.telfax) a  
  
GROUP BY a.userper, a.tel, a.standfee, TO\_CHAR(a.telfeedate, 'yyyy')  
  
8.说明：四表联查问题：  
  
SQL: select \* from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....  
  
9.说明：得到表中最小的未使用的ID号  
  
SQL:  
  
SELECT (CASE WHEN EXISTS(SELECT \* FROM Handle b WHERE b.HandleID = 1) THEN MIN(HandleID) + 1 ELSE 1 END) as HandleID  
  
FROM Handle  
  
WHERE NOT HandleID IN (SELECT a.HandleID - 1 FROM Handle a)  
  
  
  
9.SQL语句技巧  
9.1、一个SQL语句的问题:行列转换  
select \* from v\_temp  
上面的视图结果如下:  
user\_name role\_name  
\-------------------------  
系统管理员 管理员  
feng 管理员  
feng 一般用户  
test 一般用户  
想把结果变成这样:  
user\_name role\_name  
\---------------------------  
系统管理员 管理员  
feng 管理员,一般用户  
test 一般用户  
===================  
create table a\_test(name varchar(20),role2 varchar(20))  
insert into a\_test values('李','管理員')  
insert into a\_test values('張','管理員')  
insert into a\_test values('張','一般用戶')  
insert into a\_test values('常','一般用戶')  
  
create function join\_str(@content varchar(100))  
returns varchar(2000)  
as  
begin  
declare @str varchar(2000)  
set @str=''  
select @str=@str+','+rtrim(role2) from a\_test where \[name\]=@content  
select @str=right(@str,len(@str)-1)  
return @str  
end  
go  
  
\--调用：  
select \[name\],dbo.join\_str(\[name\]) role2 from a\_test group by \[name\]  
  
\--select distinct name,dbo.uf\_test(name) from a\_test  
  
9.2、求助！快速比较结构相同的两表  
结构相同的两表，一表有记录3万条左右，一表有记录2万条左右，我怎样快速查找两表的不同记录？  
============================  
给你一个测试方法，从northwind中的orders表取数据。  
select \* into n1 from orders  
select \* into n2 from orders  
  
select \* from n1  
select \* from n2  
  
\--添加主键，然后修改n1中若干字段的若干条  
alter table n1 add constraint pk\_n1\_id primary key (OrderID)  
alter table n2 add constraint pk\_n2\_id primary key (OrderID)  
  
select OrderID from (select \* from n1  
union  
select \* from n2) a group by OrderID having count(\*) > 1  
  
应该可以，而且将不同的记录的ID显示出来。  
下面的适用于双方记录一样的情况，  
  
select \* from n1 where orderid in  
(  
select OrderID from (select \* from n1  
union  
select \* from n2) a group by OrderID having count(\*) > 1  
)  
至于双方互不存在的记录是比较好处理的  
\--删除n1,n2中若干条记录  
delete from n1 where orderID in ('10728','10730')  
delete from n2 where orderID in ('11000','11001')  
  
\--\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*  
\-- 双方都有该记录却不完全相同  
select \* from n1 where orderid in  
(  
select OrderID from (select \* from n1  
union  
select \* from n2) a group by OrderID having count(\*) > 1  
)  
union  
\--n2中存在但在n1中不存的在10728,10730  
select \* from n1 where OrderID not in (select OrderID from n2)  
union  
\--n1中存在但在n2中不存的在11000,11001  
select \* from n2 where OrderID not in (select OrderID from n1)  
  
9.3、四种方法取表里n到m条纪录：  
  
1.  
select top m \* into 临时表(或表变量) from tablename order by columnname -- 将top m笔插入  
set rowcount n  
select \* from 表变量 order by columnname desc  
  
  
2.  
select top n \* from  
(select top m \* from tablename order by columnname) a  
order by columnname desc  
  
  
3.如果tablename里没有其他identity列，那么：  
select identity(int) id0,\* into \#temp from tablename  
  
取n到m条的语句为：  
select \* from \#temp where id0 >=n and id0 <= m  
  
如果你在执行select identity(int) id0,\* into \#temp from tablename这条语句的时候报错,那是因为你的DB中间的select into/bulkcopy属性没有打开要先执行：  
exec sp\_dboption 你的DB名字,'select into/bulkcopy',true  
  
  
4.如果表里有identity属性，那么简单：  
select \* from tablename where identitycol between n and m  
5.如何删除一个表中重复的记录？  
create table a\_dist(id int,name varchar(20))  
  
insert into a\_dist values(1,'abc')  
insert into a\_dist values(1,'abc')  
insert into a\_dist values(1,'abc')  
insert into a\_dist values(1,'abc')  
  
exec up\_distinct 'a\_dist','id'  
  
select \* from a\_dist  
  
create procedure up\_distinct(@t\_name varchar(30),@f\_key varchar(30))  
\--f\_key表示是分組字段﹐即主鍵字段  
as  
begin  
declare @max integer,@id varchar(30) ,@sql varchar(7999) ,@type integer  
select @sql = 'declare cur\_rows cursor for select '+@f\_key+' ,count(\*) from ' +@t\_name +' group by ' +@f\_key +' having count(\*) > 1'  
exec(@sql)  
open cur\_rows  
fetch cur\_rows into @id,@max  
while @@fetch\_status=0  
begin  
select @max = @max -1  
set rowcount @max  
select @type = xtype from syscolumns where and >if @type=56  
select @sql = 'delete from '+@t\_name+' where ' + @f\_key+' = '+ @id  
if @type=167  
select @sql = 'delete from '+@t\_name+' where ' + @f\_key+' = '+''''+ @id +''''  
exec(@sql)  
fetch cur\_rows into @id,@max  
end  
close cur\_rows  
deallocate cur\_rows  
set rowcount 0  
end  
  
select \* from systypes  
select \* from syscolumns where a\_dist')  
  
9.4.查询数据的最大排序问题（只能用一条语句写）  
CREATE TABLE hard (qu char (11) ,co char (11) ,je numeric(3, 0))  
  
insert into hard values ('A','1',3)  
insert into hard values ('A','2',4)  
insert into hard values ('A','4',2)  
insert into hard values ('A','6',9)  
insert into hard values ('B','1',4)  
insert into hard values ('B','2',5)  
insert into hard values ('B','3',6)  
insert into hard values ('C','3',4)  
insert into hard values ('C','6',7)  
insert into hard values ('C','2',3)  
  
  
要求查询出来的结果如下：  
  
qu co je  
\----------- ----------- -----  
A 6 9  
A 2 4  
B 3 6  
B 2 5  
C 6 7  
C 3 4  
  
  
就是要按qu分组，每组中取je最大的前2位！！  
而且只能用一句sql语句！！！  
select \* from hard a where je in (select top 2 je from hard b where a.qu=b.qu order by je)  
9.5.求删除重复记录的sql语句？  
怎样把具有相同字段的纪录删除，只留下一条。  
例如，表test里有id,name字段  
如果有name相同的记录 只留下一条，其余的删除。  
name的内容不定，相同的记录数不定。  
有没有这样的sql语句？  
==============================  
A:一个完整的解决方案：  
  
将重复的记录记入temp1表:  
select \[标志字段id\],count(\*) into temp1 from \[表名\]  
group by \[标志字段id\]  
having count(\*)>1  
  
2、将不重复的记录记入temp1表:  
insert temp1  
select \[标志字段id\],count(\*) from \[表名\]  
group by \[标志字段id\]  
having count(\*)=1  
  
3、作一个包含所有不重复记录的表：  
select \* into temp2 from \[表名\]  
where 标志字段id in(select 标志字段id from temp1)  
  
4、删除重复表:  
delete \[表名\]  
  
5、恢复表：  
insert \[表名\]  
select \* from temp2  
  
6、删除临时表:  
drop table temp1  
drop table temp2  
================================  
B:  
create table a\_dist(id int,name varchar(20))  
  
insert into a\_dist values(1,'abc')  
insert into a\_dist values(1,'abc')  
insert into a\_dist values(1,'abc')  
insert into a\_dist values(1,'abc')  
  
exec up\_distinct 'a\_dist','id'  
  
select \* from a\_dist  
  
create procedure up\_distinct(@t\_name varchar(30),@f\_key varchar(30))  
\--f\_key表示是分組字段﹐即主鍵字段  
as  
begin  
declare @max integer,@id varchar(30) ,@sql varchar(7999) ,@type integer  
select @sql = 'declare cur\_rows cursor for select '+@f\_key+' ,count(\*) from ' +@t\_name +' group by ' +@f\_key +' having count(\*) > 1'  
exec(@sql)  
open cur\_rows  
fetch cur\_rows into @id,@max  
while @@fetch\_status=0  
begin  
select @max = @max -1  
set rowcount @max  
select @type = xtype from syscolumns where and >if @type=56  
select @sql = 'delete from '+@t\_name+' where ' + @f\_key+' = '+ @id  
if @type=167  
select @sql = 'delete from '+@t\_name+' where ' + @f\_key+' = '+''''+ @id +''''  
exec(@sql)  
fetch cur\_rows into @id,@max  
end  
close cur\_rows  
deallocate cur\_rows  
set rowcount 0  
end  
  
select \* from systypes  
select \* from syscolumns where a\_dist')  
  
10.1. 行列转换--普通  
  
假设有张学生成绩表(CJ)如下  
Name Subject Result  
张三 语文 80  
张三 数学 90  
张三 物理 85  
李四 语文 85  
李四 数学 92  
李四 物理 82  
  
想变成  
姓名 语文 数学 物理  
张三 80 90 85  
李四 85 92 82  
  
declare @sql varchar(4000)  
set @sql = 'select Name'  
select @sql = @sql + ',sum(case Subject when '''+Subject+''' then Result end) \['+Subject+'\]'  
from (select distinct Subject from CJ) as a  
select @sql = @sql+' from test group by name'  
exec(@sql)  
  
10.2. 行列转换--合并  
  
有表A,  
id pid  
1 1  
1 2  
1 3  
2 1  
2 2  
3 1  
如何化成表B:  
id pid  
1 1,2,3  
2 1,2  
3 1  
  
创建一个合并的函数  
create function fmerg(@id int)  
returns varchar(8000)  
as  
begin  
declare @str varchar(8000)  
set @str=''  
select @str=@str+','+cast(pid as varchar) from 表A where >set @str=right(@str,len(@str)-1)  
return(@str)  
End  
go  
  
\--调用自定义函数得到结果  
select distinct id,dbo.fmerg(id) from 表A  
  
10.3. 如何取得一个数据表的所有列名  
  
方法如下：先从SYSTEMOBJECT系统表中取得数据表的SYSTEMID,然后再SYSCOLUMN表中取得该数据表的所有列名。  
SQL语句如下：  
declare @objid int,@objname char(40)  
set @objname = 'tablename'  
select @objid = id from sysobjects where >select 'Column\_name' = name from syscolumns where order by colid  
  
是不是太简单了？ 呵呵 不过经常用阿.  
  
10.4. 通过SQL语句来更改用户的密码  
  
修改别人的,需要sysadmin role  
EXEC sp\_password NULL, 'newpassword', 'User'  
  
如果帐号为SA执行EXEC sp\_password NULL, 'newpassword', sa  
  
10.5. 怎么判断出一个表的哪些字段不允许为空？  
  
select COLUMN\_NAME from INFORMATION\_SCHEMA.COLUMNS where IS\_NULLABLE='NO' and TABLE\_NAME=tablename  
  
10.6. 如何在 **数据库**里找到含有相同字段的表？  
a. 查已知列名的情况  
SELECT b.name as TableName,a.name as columnname  
From syscolumns a INNER JOIN sysobjects b  
ON a.id=b.id  
AND b.type='U'  
AND a.name='你的字段名字'  
  
b. 未知列名查所有在不同表出现过的列名  
Select o.name As tablename,s1.name As columnname  
From syscolumns s1, sysobjects o  
Where s1.id = o.id  
And o.type = 'U'  
And Exists (  
Select 1 From syscolumns s2  
Where s1.name = s2.name  
And s1.id <> s2.id  
)  
  
10.7. 查询第xxx行数据  
  
假设id是主键：  
select \*  
from (select top xxx \* from yourtable) aa  
where not exists(select 1 from (select top xxx-1 \* from yourtable) bb where aa.id=bb.id)  
  
如果使用游标也是可以的  
fetch absolute \[number\] from \[cursor\_name\]  
行数为绝对行数  
  
10.8. SQL Server日期计算  
a. 一个月的第一天  
SELECT DATEADD(mm, DATEDIFF(mm,0,getdate()), 0)  
b. 本周的星期一  
SELECT DATEADD(wk, DATEDIFF(wk,0,getdate()), 0)  
c. 一年的第一天  
SELECT DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate()), 0)  
d. 季度的第一天  
SELECT DATEADD(qq, DATEDIFF(qq,0,getdate()), 0)  
e. 上个月的最后一天  
SELECT dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(mm, DATEDIFF(mm,0,getdate()), 0))  
f. 去年的最后一天  
SELECT dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate()), 0))  
g. 本月的最后一天  
SELECT dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(mm, DATEDIFF(m,0,getdate())+1, 0))  
h. 本月的第一个星期一  
select DATEADD(wk, DATEDIFF(wk,0,  
dateadd(dd,6-datepart(day,getdate()),getdate())  
), 0)  
i. 本年的最后一天  
SELECT dateadd(ms,-3,DATEADD(yy, DATEDIFF(yy,0,getdate())+1, 0))。  
  
11.1.获取表结构\[把 'sysobjects' 替换 成 'tablename' 即可\]  
  
SELECT CASE IsNull(I.name, '')  
When '' Then ''  
Else '\*'  
End as IsPK,  
Object\_Name(A.id) as t\_name,  
A.name as c\_name,  
IsNull(SubString(M.text, 1, 254), '') as pbc\_init,  
T.name as F\_DataType,  
CASE IsNull(TYPEPROPERTY(T.name, 'Scale'), '')  
WHEN '' Then Cast(A.prec as varchar)  
ELSE Cast(A.prec as varchar) + ',' + Cast(A.scale as varchar)  
END as F\_Scale,  
A.isnullable as F\_isNullAble  
FROM Syscolumns as A  
JOIN Systypes as T  
ON (A.xType = T.xUserType AND A.Id = Object\_id('sysobjects') )  
LEFT JOIN ( SysIndexes as I  
JOIN Syscolumns as A1  
ON ( I.id = A1.id and A1.id = object\_id('sysobjects') and (I.status & 0x800) = 0x800 AND A1.colid <= I.keycnt) )  
ON ( A.id = I.id AND A.name = index\_col('sysobjects', I.indid, A1.colid) )  
LEFT JOIN SysComments as M  
ON ( M.id = A.cdefault and ObjectProperty(A.cdefault, 'IsConstraint') = 1 )  
ORDER BY A.Colid ASC  
  
  
11.2..提取 **数据库**内所有表的字段详细说明的SQL语句  
  
SELECT  
(case when a.colorder=1 then d.name else '' end) N'表名',  
a.colorder N'字段序号',  
a.name N'字段名',  
(case when COLUMNPROPERTY( a.id,a.name,'IsIdentity')=1 then '√'else ''  
end) N'标识',  
(case when (SELECT count(\*)  
FROM sysobjects  
WHERE (name in  
(SELECT name  
FROM sysindexes  
WHERE (id = a.id) AND (indid in  
(SELECT indid  
FROM sysindexkeys  
WHERE (id = a.id) AND (colid in  
(SELECT colid  
FROM syscolumns  
WHERE (id = a.id) AND (name = a.name))))))) AND  
(xtype = 'PK'))>0 then '√' else '' end) N'主键',  
b.name N'类型',  
a.length N'占用字节数',  
COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id,a.name,'PRECISION') as N'长度',  
isnull(COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id,a.name,'Scale'),0) as N'小数位数',  
(case when a.isnullable=1 then '√'else '' end) N'允许空',  
isnull(e.text,'') N'默认值',  
isnull(g.\[value\],'') AS N'字段说明'  
FROM syscolumns a  
left join systypes b  
on a.xtype=b.xusertype  
inner join sysobjects d  
on a.id=d.id and d.xtype='U' and d.name<>'dtproperties'  
left join syscomments e  
on a.cdefault=e.id  
left join sysproperties g  
on a.id=g.id AND a.colid = g.smallid  
order by object\_name(a.id),a.colorder  
  
11.3.快速获取表test的记录总数\[对大容量表非常有效\]  
  
快速获取表test的记录总数:  
select rows from sysindexes where and indid in (0,1)  
  
update 2 set KHXH=(ID+1)/2 2行递增编号  
update \[23\] set id1 = 'No.'+right('00000000'+id,6) where id not like 'No%' //递增  
update \[23\] set id1= 'No.'+right('00000000'+replace(id1,'No.',''),6) //补位递增  
delete from \[1\] where (id%2)=1  
奇数  
  
替换表名字段  
update \[1\] set domurl = replace(domurl,'Upload/Imgswf/','Upload/Photo/') where domurl like '%Upload/Imgswf/%'  
  
截位  
SELECT LEFT(表名, 5)