深度学习基础--多层感知机（MLP）

你的名字 2022-09-15 05:47 259阅读 0赞

## 深度学习基础–多层感知机（MLP） ##

最近在阅读一本书籍–Dive-into-DL-Pytorch（动手学深度学习），链接：[https://github.com/newmonkey/Dive-into-DL-PyTorch][https_github.com_newmonkey_Dive-into-DL-PyTorch]，自身觉得受益匪浅，在此记录下自己的学习历程。

本篇主要记录关于多层感知机(multilayer perceptron, MLP)的知识。多层感知机是在单层神经网络的基础上引入一个或多个隐藏层。

以单层神经网路SOFTMAX回归为例子。给定一个小批量样本X，假设输出层的softmax回归的权重和偏差参数分别为Wo和bo，输出层的输出记为O，则softmax回归的计算表达式为：  
![在这里插入图片描述][aa7ef3fdac644be08d4e40de630337f3.png]  
在上述的SOFTMAX回归中，我们在输入层与输出层间引入一个隐藏层，形成多层感知机。假设隐藏层的输出记为H，隐藏层的权重参数和偏差参数分别为Wh和bh，∅表示激活函数。则这个多层感知机的计算表达式为：  
![在这里插入图片描述][baa4d14af3dc48d38727c406ead44415.png]  
上述式子联立可得：  
![在这里插入图片描述][a58dc6a0279a44cf84e64be15a4cf5fa.png]

利用pytorch实现上述的多层感知机：

#### 0 引入相关的包 ####

import torch
    from torch import nn
    from torch.nn import init
    import numpy as np
    import torchvision
    import torchvision.transforms as transforms

#### 1 获取数据集 ####

采用的是Fashion-MNIST数据集。

def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, root='~/Datasets/FashionMNIST'):
        transform = transforms.ToTensor()
        mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root=root, train=True, download=True, transform=transform)
        mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root=root, train=False, download=True, transform=transform)
        if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
            num_workers = 0  # 0表示不用额外的进程来加速读取数据
        else:
            num_workers = 4
        train_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True, num_workers=num_workers)
        test_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False, num_workers=num_workers)
    
        return train_iter, test_iter
    
    batch_size = 256
    train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)

#### 2 定义和初始化模型 ####

采用ReLU函数作为激活函数。

num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens = 784, 10, 256
    
    class FlattenLayer(torch.nn.Module):
        def __init__(self):
            super(FlattenLayer, self).__init__()
        def forward(self, x): # x shape: (batch, *, *, ...)
            return x.view(x.shape[0], -1)
    
    net = nn.Sequential(
        FlattenLayer(),
        nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_hiddens),
        nn.ReLU(),
        nn.Linear(num_hiddens, num_outputs),
    )
    for params in net.parameters():
        init.normal_(params, mean=0, std=0.01)

#### 3 定义损失函数 ####

仍是采用SOFTMAX回归使用的交叉熵损失函数

loss = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

#### 4 定义优化算法 ####

采用⼩批量随机梯度下降（SGD）为优化算法。

optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.5)

#### 5 训练模型 ####

迭代周期设置为5，训练模型。

def evaluate_accuracy(data_iter, net):
        acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0
        for X, y in data_iter:
            acc_sum += (net(X).argmax(dim=1) == y).float().sum().item()
            n += y.shape[0]
        return acc_sum / n
    
    def sgd(params, lr, batch_size):
        for param in params:
            param.data -= lr * param.grad / batch_size # 注意这里更改param时用的param.data
    
    def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size,params=None, lr=None, optimizer=None):
        for epoch in range(num_epochs):
            train_l_sum, train_acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0.0, 0
            for X, y in train_iter:
                y_hat = net(X)
                l = loss(y_hat, y).sum()
                
                # 梯度清零
                if optimizer is not None:
                    optimizer.zero_grad()
                elif params is not None and params[0].grad is not None:
                    for param in params:
                        param.grad.data.zero_()
                
                l.backward()
                if optimizer is None:
                    sgd(params, lr, batch_size)
                else:
                    optimizer.step()
                
                train_l_sum += l.item()
                train_acc_sum += (y_hat.argmax(dim=1) == y).sum().item()
                n += y.shape[0]
            test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(test_iter, net)
            print('epoch %d, loss %.4f, train acc %.3f, test acc %.3f'% (epoch + 1, train_l_sum / n, train_acc_sum / n, test_acc))
    
    num_epochs = 5
    train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs,batch_size, None, None, optimizer)
    #结果
    #epoch 1, loss 0.0031, train acc 0.709, test acc 0.798
    #epoch 2, loss 0.0019, train acc 0.819, test acc 0.819
    #epoch 3, loss 0.0017, train acc 0.844, test acc 0.840
    #epoch 4, loss 0.0015, train acc 0.856, test acc 0.820
    #epoch 5, loss 0.0014, train acc 0.864, test acc 0.832

END！

[https_github.com_newmonkey_Dive-into-DL-PyTorch]: https://github.com/newmonkey/Dive-into-DL-PyTorch
[aa7ef3fdac644be08d4e40de630337f3.png]: /images/20220828/63020ad321164bbeb9c13ff943ab56dd.png
[baa4d14af3dc48d38727c406ead44415.png]: /images/20220828/02481fe04ae34cb09975976cdff36e16.png
[a58dc6a0279a44cf84e64be15a4cf5fa.png]: /images/20220828/ee756ce9ff354e3b8132cf42b49edf03.png