90% of python in 90 minutes

我会带着你远行 2022-08-13 17:58 196阅读 0赞

注：本文整理自 http://www.slideshare.net/MattHarrison4/learn-90

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**Three Python'isms to Remember**

> ●dir
> 
> ●help
> 
> ●colon/indent shuffle

**一、hello world**

> print "hello world"
> 
> **from interpreter**
> 
> $ python
> 
> >>> print "hello world"
> 
> hello world
> 
> **REPL**
> 
> Read, Eval, Print, Loop
> 
> $ python
> 
> >>> 2 + 2 \# read, eval
> 
> 4 \# print
> 
> >>> \# repeat (loop)
> 
> Many developers keep a REPL handy during programming
> 
> **From script**  
> Make file hello.py with print "hello world"  
> Run with: python hello.py  
> 
> 
> **(unix) script**  
> Make file hello with  
> \#!/usr/bin/env python  
> print "hello world"  
> Run with:  
> chmod +x hello  
> ./hello  
> 
> 
> **Python 3 hello world**  
> printis no longer a statement, but a function  
> print("hello world")  
>

**二、Objects**

> Everything in Python is an object that has:
> 
> ●an identity(id)
> 
> ●a value(mutable or immutable)
> 
> **id**  
> >>> a = 4  
> >>> id(a)  
> 6406896  
> 
> 
> **Value**  
> ●Mutable:When you alter the item, the id is still the same. Dictionary, List  
> ●Immutable:String, Integer, Tuple  
> 
> 
> **Mutable**  
> >>> b =\[\]  
> >>> id(b)  
> 140675605442000  
> >>> b.append(3)  
> >>> b  
> \[3\]  
> 
> 
> >>> id(b)  
> 140675605442000 \# SAME!  
> 
> 
> **Immutable**  
> >>> a = 4  
> >>> id(a)  
> 6406896  
> >>> a =a + 1  
> >>> id(a)  
> 6406872 \# DIFFERENT!

**三、Variables**

> a = 4 \# Integer  
> b = 5.6 \# Float  
> c = "hello" \# String  
> a = "4" \# rebound to String
> 
> **Long**
> 
> >>> import sys  
> >>> sys.maxint  
> 9223372036854775807  
> >>> sys.maxint + 1  
> 9223372036854775808L  
>

**四、Naming**

> ●lowercase
> 
> ●underscore\_between\_words
> 
> ●don't start with numbers
> 
> See PEP 8
> 
> PEP：Python Enhancement Proposal (similar to JSR in Java)  
>

**五、Math**

> \+, -, \*, /, \*\*(power), %(modulo)  
> 
> 
> Careful with integer division  
> >>> 3/4  
> 0  
> >>> 3/4.  
> 0.75  
> (In Python 3 // is integer division operator)

**六、Strings**

> name = 'matt'  
> with\_quote = "I ain't gonna"  
> longer = """This string has  
> multiple lines  
> in it"""  
> 
> 
> **String escaping**  
> Escape with \\  
> >>> print 'He said, "I\\'m sorry"'  
> He said, "I'm sorry"  
> >>> print '''He said, "I'm sorry"'''  
> He said, "I'm sorry"  
> >>> print """He said, "I'm sorry\\""""  
> He said, "I'm sorry"
> 
> ![Center][]  
> 
> 
> **String formatting**  
> c-like  
> >>> "%s %s" %('hello', 'world')  
> 'hello world'  
> PEP 3101 style  
> >>> "\{0\} \{1\}".format('hello', 'world')  
> 'hello world'  
> 
> 
> **String Methods**  
> 
> 
> ●s.endswith(sub)  
> Returns True if endswith sub  
> ●s.find(sub)  
> Returns index of subor -1  
> ●s.format(\*args)  
> Places args in string  
> 
> 
> ●s.index(sub)  
> Returns index of subor exception  
> ●s.join(list)  
> Returns listitems separated by string  
> ●s.strip()  
> Removes whitespace from start/end  
> 
> 
>   
>

**七、Methods & dir**

> **dir**  
> Lists attributes and methods:  
> >>> dir("a string")  
> \['\_\_add\_\_', '\_\_class\_\_', ..., 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill'\]  
> 
> 
> **dunder methods**  
> dunder(double under) or "special/magic" methods determine what will happen when +(\_\_add\_\_) or /(\_\_div\_\_) is called.  
> 
> 
> **help**  
> >>> help("a string".startswith)  
> Help on built-in function startswith:  
> startswith(...)  
> S.startswith(prefix\[, start\[, end\]\]) -> bool  
> Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.  
> With optional start, test S beginning at that position.  
> With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.  
> prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.  
>

**八、Comments**

> Comments follow a \#  
> 
> 
> No multi-line comments  
>

**九、More Types**

> **None**  
> Pythonic way of saying NULL. Evaluates to False.  
> c = None  
> 
> 
> **booleans**  
> a = True  
> b = False  
> 
> 
> **sequences**  
> ●lists  
> ●tuples  
> ●sets  
>

**十、Lists**

> Hold sequences.  
> How would we find out the attributes & methods of a list?  
> 
> 
> >>> **dir(\[\])**  
> \['\_\_add\_\_', '\_\_class\_\_', '\_\_contains\_\_',... ,'\_\_iter\_\_',... '\_\_len\_\_',... , 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove',  
> 'reverse', 'sort'\]  
> 
> 
> >>> a =\[\]  
> >>> a.append(4)  
> >>> a.append('hello')  
> >>> a.append(1)  
> >>> a.sort() \# in place  
> >>> print a  
> \[1, 4, 'hello'\]  
> 
> 
> How would we find out documentation for a method?  
> 
> 
> >>> **help(\[\].append)**  
> Help on built-in function append:  
> append(...)  
>

> > L.append(object) -- append object to end
> 
> **List methods**
> 
> ●l.append(x)  
> Insert x at end of list  
> ●l.extend(l2)  
> Add l2 items to list  
> ●l.sort()
> 
> In place sort  
> 
> 
> ●l.reverse()  
> Reverse list in place  
> ●l.remove(item)  
> Remove first item found  
> ●l.pop()  
> Remove/return item at end of list  
>

**十一、Dictionaries**

> Also called hashmap or associative array elsewhere  
> >>> age =\{\}  
> >>> age\['george'\] = 10  
> >>> age\['fred'\] = 12  
> >>> age\['henry'\] = 10  
> >>> print age\['george'\]  
> 10  
> 
> 
> Find out if 'matt' in age  
> >>> 'matt' in age  
> False  
> 
> 
> **in statement**  
> Uses \_\_contains\_\_dunder method to determine membership. (Or \_\_iter\_\_as fallback)  
> 
> 
> **.get**  
> >>> print age\['charles'\]  
> Traceback (most recent call last):  
> File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>  
> KeyError: 'charles'  
> >>> print age.get('charles', 'Not found')  
> Not found  
>

> **deleting keys**  
> Removing 'charles' from age  
> >>> delage\['charles'\]  
>

> del not in dir. **.pop** is an alternative  
>

**十二、Functions**

> def add\_2(num):  
>

> > """ return 2
> 
> > more than num
> 
> > """
> 
> > return num + 2
> 
> five =add\_2(3)
> 
> ●def  
> ●function name  
> ●(parameters)  
> ●:+ indent  
> ●optional documentation  
> ●body  
> ●return  
> 
> 
> **whitespace**  
> Instead of \{ use a : and indent consistently (4 spaces)  
> 
> 
> invoke python **-tt** to error out during inconsistent tab/space usage in a file  
> 
> 
> **default (named) parameters**  
> def add\_n(num, n=3):  
>

> > """default to
> 
> > adding 3"""
> 
> > return num +n

> five =add\_n(2)  
> ten =add\_n(15, -5)  
> 
> 
> **\_\_doc\_\_**  
> Functions have docstrings. Accessible via .\_\_doc\_\_or help  
> 
> 
> >>> def echo(txt):  
>

> > ... "echo back txt"
> 
> > ... return txt

> >>> help(echo)  
> Help on function echo in module \_\_main\_\_:  
> <BLANKLINE>  
> echo(txt)  
>

> > echo back txt

> <BLANKLINE>  
> 
> 
> **naming**  
> ●lowercase  
> ●underscore\_between\_words  
> ●don't start with numbers  
> ●verb  
> See PEP 8

十三、Conditionals

> if grade > 90:  
>

> > print "A"

> elif grade > 80:  
>

> > print "B"

> elif grade > 70:  
>

> > print "C"

> else:  
>

> > print "D"
> 
> Remember the colon/whitespace!

**十四、Operators**

> **Comparison Operators**  
> Supports (>, >=, <, <=, ==, !=)  
> >>> 5 > 9  
> False  
> >>> 'matt' != 'fred'  
> True  
> >>> isinstance('matt', basestring)  
> True  
> 
> 
> >>> type("matt")  
> <type 'str'>  
> 
> 
> **Boolean Operators**  
> and, or, not(for logical), &, |, and ^(for bitwise)  
> >>> x = 5  
> >>> x < -4 or x > 4  
> True  
> 
> 
> **Boolean note**  
> Parens are only required for precedence  
> if (x > 10):  
>

> > print "Big"

> same as  
> if x > 10:  
>

> > print "Big"
> 
> **Chained comparisons**
> 
> if 3 <x < 5:  
>

> > print "Four!"

> Same as  
> if x > 3 and x < 5:  
>

> > print "Four!"

**十五、Iteration**

> for number in \[1,2,3,4,5,6\]:  
>

> > print number

> for number in range(1, 7):  
>

> > print number
> 
> **range note**  
> Python tends to follow half-open interval (\[start,end)) with range and slices.  
> ●end - start = length  
> 
> 
> ●easy to concat ranges w/o overlap
> 
>   
> 
> 
> Java/C-esque style of object in array, access (BAD):  
> animals =\["cat", "dog", "bird"\]  
> for index in range(len(animals)):  
>

> > print index, animals\[index\]
> 
>   
> 
> 
> If you need indices, use **enumerate**
> 
> animals =\["cat", "dog", "bird"\]  
> for index, value in enumerate(animals):  
>

> print index, value

>   
> 
> 
> Can breakout of nearest loop
> 
> for item insequence:  
>

> > \# process until first negative
> 
> > if item < 0:

> > > **break**

> \# process item

>   
> 
> 
> Can continue to skip over items
> 
> for item in sequence:  
>

> > if item < 0:
> 
> > > **continue**
> 
> \# process all positive items

>   
> 
> 
> Can loop over lists, strings, iterators, dictionaries... sequence like things:
> 
> my\_dict =\{ "name": "matt", "cash": 5.45\}  
> for key inmy\_dict.keys():  
>

> > \# process key

> for value inmy\_dict.values():  
>

> > \# process value

> for key, value inmy\_dict.items():  
>

> \# process items

>   
>

**pass**  
pass is a null operation  
for i in range(10):

> \# do nothing 10 times

> pass

**Hint**: Don't modify list or dictionary contents while looping over them

**十六：Slicing**

> Sequences (lists, tuples, strings, etc) can be sliced to pull out a single item
> 
> my\_pets =\["dog", "cat", "bird"\]
> 
> favorite =my\_pets\[0\]
> 
> bird =my\_pets\[-1\]
> 
>   
> 
> 
> **Negative Indexing**
> 
> Proper way to think of \[negative indexing\] is to reinterpret a\[-X\] as a\[len(a)-X\]
> 
>   
>

> Slices can take an end index, to pull out a list of items  
> my\_pets =\["dog", "cat", "bird"\]  
> \# a list  
> cat\_and\_dog =my\_pets\[0:2\]  
> cat\_and\_dog2 =my\_pets\[:2\]  
> cat\_and\_bird =my\_pets\[1:3\]  
> 
> 
> cat\_and\_bird2 =my\_pets\[1:\]
> 
>   
> 
> 
> Slices can take a stride  
> my\_pets =\["dog", "cat", "bird"\]  
> \# a list  
> dog\_and\_bird =my\_pets\[0:3:2\]  
> zero\_three\_etc = range(0,10)\[::3\]  
> 
> 
> Just to beat it in  
> veg = "tomatoe"  
> correct =veg\[:-1\]  
> tmte =veg\[::2\]  
> eotamot =veg\[::-1\]

**十八：File IO**

> **File Input**  
> Open a file to read from it (old style):  
> fin = open("foo.txt")  
> for line in fin:  
>

> > \# manipulate line

> fin.close()  
> 
> 
> **File Output**  
> Open a file using 'w' to writeto a file:  
> fout = open("bar.txt", "w")  
> fout.write("hello world")  
> fout.close()  
> 
> 
> Always remember to close your files!  
> 
> 
> closing with with implicit close(new 2.5+ style)  
> **with** open('bar.txt') as fin:  
> for line in fin:  
>

> > \# process line
> 
>   
>

**十九：Classes**

> class Animal(object):  
>

> > def \_\_init\_\_(self, name):

> > > self.name =name

> > def talk(self):

> > > print "Generic Animal Sound"

> animal =Animal("thing")  
> animal.talk()  
> 
> 
> notes:  
> ●object(base class) (fixed in 3.X)  
> ●dunder init (constructor)  
> ●all methods take **self** as first parameter  
> 
> 
> **Subclassing**  
> class Cat(Animal):  
>

> > def talk(self):

> > > print '%ssays, "Meow!"' %(self.name)

> cat =Cat("Groucho")  
> cat.talk() \# invoke method  
> 
> 
>   
> 
> 
> class Cheetah(Cat):  
>

> > """classes can hav
> 
> > docstrings"""
> 
> > def talk(self):

> > > print "Growl"
> 
> **naming**  
> ●CamelCase  
> ●don't start with numbers  
> 
> 
> ●Nouns
> 
>   
>

**二十、Debugging**

> **Poor mans**  
> print works a lot of the time  
> 
> 
> Remember Clean up print statements. If you really need them, use logging or write to sys.stdout  
> 
> 
> **pdb**  
> import pdb; pdb.set\_trace()  
> 
> 
> **pdb commands**  
> ●h- help  
> ●s- step into  
> ●n- next  
> ●c- continue  
> ●w- where am I (in stack)?  
> ●l- list code around me  
>

> >   
> >

[Center]: /images/20220810/bc826ac9dec44cf18705e98ecf8da88e.png