关于nginx的location匹配

- 日理万妓 2022-07-29 11:35 235阅读 0赞

**nginx中location的语法格式是：**

location \[=|~|~\*|^~|@\]  /uri/  \{

......

**说明：**

=    表示完全一致

~    表示区分大小写的正则匹配，

~\*   表示不区分大小写的正则匹配

^~  表示不要再继续匹配正则

@    表示内部重定向，不需要跟浏览器交互，是服务端的一个转发

**location中的几个概念：**

普通location：location using literal strings

正则location：location using regular expressions，有~或~\*做前缀的

精确location：匹配到文件名的，如 /first/second/file.html

最大前缀匹配：这个概念在普通location进行匹配的时候会用到，如，访问url为/first/second/index.html时，有/first/和/first/second/两个location存在的话，/first/second/就是此url的最大前缀匹配

**location中的匹配原则：**

先匹配普通location，再匹配正则location；正则location被匹配到了，会覆盖普通location

一般的匹配过程如下：

a) 普通location的匹配跟配置文件中记录的顺序是无关的

b) 正则location的匹配跟配置文件中记录的顺序有关，先匹配到后就不再向下匹配

c) 普通location里面的匹配是按照最大前缀匹配的原则匹配

d) 普通location的最大前缀匹配到之后，再进行正则匹配

e) 如果被正则location匹配到，会覆盖普通location的最大前缀匹配，精确location也会被正则location覆盖

f) 如果都没有匹配的，则会与location /进行匹配

也有特殊情况，使普通location匹配到后就不再继续正则匹配：

有=或^~前缀的普通location匹配到后就不再进行正则匹配

**示例**

--------------------

**nginx的页面文件存放目录/usr/share/nginx/html的文件结构如下：**

├── 50x.html

├── else

│   └── index.html

├── first

│   ├── index.html

│   ├── second

│   │   ├── exactmatch.html

│   │   ├── index.html

│   │   ├── test.htm

│   │   ├── test.html

│   │   └── third

│   │       ├── exactmatch.htm

│   │       ├── exactmatch.html

│   │       ├── index.html

│   │       ├── test1.html

│   │       ├── test2.html

│   │       ├── test.htm

│   │       └── test.html

│   ├── test.htm

│   └── test.html

├── index.html

├── test.htm

└── test.html

注：文件内容为文件的路径，如first目录下的index.html里面的内容为：/first/index.html

**nginx配置内容如下：**

server {
            listen       80;
            server_name  192.168.0.125;
            server_name  localhost;
            root html;
    
            location / {
                index  index.html;
                deny   all;
            }
    
            location  /first/ {
                index  index.html;
            }
    
            location  /first/second/ {
                index  test.htm;
            }
    
            location /first/second/exactmatch.html {
                index  index.html;
            }
    
            location ^~ /first/second/third/ {
                index  index.html;
            }
    
            location /first/second/third/exactmatch.html {
                index  index.html;
            }
    
            location /first/second/third/exactmatch.htm {
                index  index.html;
            }
    
            location = /first/second/third/test1.html {
                index  index.html;
            }
    
            location /first/second/third/test2.html {
                index  index.html;
            }
    
            location ~ \.html$ {
                rewrite .* /else/index.html break;
            }
    
            error_page  404 = @notfound;
    
            location @notfound {
                proxy_pass http://www.taobao.com;
            }
    
            error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
                root   html;
            }
        }

**测试练习（此次nginx用的server\_name为192.168.0.125）**

<table style="border-collapse:collapse; margin-left:0px; table-layout:fixed; width:82.85933897002306%"> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:36.641929499072354%"> 
    <div> 
     <strong>访问url</strong> 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:22.912801484230055%"> 
    <div> 
     <strong>访问结果</strong> 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:40.352504638218925%"> 
    <div> 
     <strong>说明</strong> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:41.72560113154172%"> 
    <div> 
     <span style="font-size:12px">http://192.168.0.125/first/</span> 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:29.066478076379067%"> 
    <div>
      /else/index.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:29.066478076379067%"> 
    <div>
      默认的index.html是.html结尾的，被正则匹配 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/test.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /first/test.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      普通location匹配 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/test.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /else/index.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      正则location匹配 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/ 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /first/second/test.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> index指定的是test.htm，不是以.html结尾了，所以不匹配正则</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/exactmatch.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div> 
     <span style="">/else/index.html</span> 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      精确匹配，但是被正则覆盖了 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/third/ 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /first/second/third/index.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      ^~前缀的原因，普通location匹配之后，不再匹配正则 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/third/exactmatch.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /else/index.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      精确匹配，但是被正则覆盖了 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/third/exactmatch.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /first/second/third/exactmatch.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      精确匹配 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/third/test1.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /first/second/third/test1.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      =前缀的原因，不匹配正则 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/third/test2.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /else/index.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      没有=前缀，精确匹配后被正则覆盖了 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/third/notfound.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      404转到淘宝页面 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      notfound.html页面是不存在的，虽然以.html结尾，但是最大前缀匹配的是/first/second/third/，它前面是带^~前缀的，所以不匹配正则，就会报404；然而，404又被 @notfound定向到淘宝页面 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/third/notfound.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      404转到淘宝页面 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      同上 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/notfound.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /else/index.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      虽然页面不存在，但是以.html结尾，被正则location匹配 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/second/notfound.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      404转到淘宝页面 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      404且不匹配正则，被@notfound定向到淘宝页面 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/notfound.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      /else/index.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      虽然页面不存在，但是以.html结尾，被正则location匹配 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/first/notfound.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      404转到淘宝页面 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      404且不匹配正则，被@notfound定向到淘宝页面 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/notfound.html 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div> 
     <span style="">/else/index.html</span> 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      虽然页面不存在，但是以.html结尾，被正则location匹配 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/notfound.htm 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      403 Forbidden 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      页面不存在，也不以.html结尾，按照普通location的原则，与/匹配；然而location /里面定义的deny all将访问Forbidden掉了，于是报了403 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:50%"> 
    <div>
      http://192.168.0.125/ 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      403 Forbidden 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:rgb(211,211,211); padding:10px; margin:0px; width:25%"> 
    <div>
      与location /匹配，报403 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>