linux初学者常用命令

浅浅的花香味﹌ 2022-07-15 05:44 168阅读 0赞

**[Linux][]中许多常用命令是必须掌握的，这里将我学linux入门时学的一些常用的基本命令分享给大家一下，希望可以帮助你们。**

**这个是我将鸟哥书上的进行了一下整理的，希望不要涉及到版权问题。**

# **1、显示日期的指令： date** #

**![1363935954_6311.png][]**

# **2、显示日历的指令：cal** #

**![1363935980_1369.png][]**

**![1363935990_8670.png][]**

**![1363935996_9522.png][]**

# **3、简单好用的计算器：bc** #

**![1363936042_6658.png][]**

**![1363936054_8908.png][]**

**怎么10/100会变成0呢？这是因为bc预设仅输出整数，如果要输出小数点下位数，那么就必须要执行 scale=number ，那个number就是小数点位数，例如：**

**![1363936069_2896.png][]**

# **4、重要的几个热键\[Tab\],\[ctrl\]-c, \[ctrl\]-d ** #

**\[Tab\]按键---具有『命令补全』不『档案补齐』的功能**

**\[Ctrl\]-c按键---让当前的程序『停掉』**

**\[Ctrl\]-d按键---通常代表着：『键盘输入结束(End Of File, EOF 戒 End OfInput)』的意思；另外，他也可以用来取代exit**

# **5、man** #

**退出用q，**

**man -f man**

**![1363936109_3235.png][]**

# **6、数据同步写入磁盘： sync** #

**输入sync，那举在内存中尚未被更新的数据，就会被写入硬盘中；所以，这个挃令在系统关机戒重新启劢乀前， 径重要喔！最好多执行几次！**

**![1363936120_9820.png][]**

# **7、惯用的关机指令：shutdown** #

**![1363936132_1780.png][]**

**此外，需要注意的是，时间参数请务必加入指令中，否则shutdown会自动跳到 run-level 1 (就是单人维护的登入情况)，这样就伤脑筋了！底下提供几个时间参数的例子吧：**

**![1363936145_2758.png][]**

**重启，关机： reboot, halt,poweroff**

**![1363936158_4694.png][]**

# **8、切换执行等级： init** #

**Linux共有七种执行等级：**

**--run level 0 :关机**

**--run level 3 :纯文本模式**

**--run level 5 :含有图形接口模式**

**--run level 6 :重新启动**

** **

**使用init这个指令来切换各模式：**

**如果你想要关机的话，除了上述的shutdown -h now以及poweroff之外，你也可以使用如下的指令来关机：  **

**![1363936183_6281.png][]**

# **9、改变文件的所属群组：chgrp** #

**![1363936198_8642.png][]**

# **10、改变文件拥有者：chown** #

**他还可以顸便直接修改群组的名称**

**![1363936213_8090.png][]**

# **11、改变文件的权限：chmod** #

<table style="color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:26px"> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td> <p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px"> <span style="font-size:18px">权限的设定方法有两种， 分别可以使用数字或者是符号来进行权限的变更。</span></p> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

**--数字类型改变档案权限：**

**![1363936248_2355.png][]**

** **

**--符号类型改变档案权限：**

**![1363936259_4661.png][]**

# **12、查看版本信息等** #

**![1363936285_4549.png][]**

# **13、变换目录：cd** #

**![1363936297_1247.png][]**

# **14、显示当前所在目录：pwd** #

**![1363936306_6088.png][]**

# **15、建立新目录：mkdir** #

**![1363936321_4240.png][]**

**![1363936335_4740.png][]**

** **

**不建议常用-p这个选项，因为担心如果你打错字，那么目录名称就回变得乱七八糟的**

** **

# **16、删除『空』的目录：rmdir** #

**![1363936353_8065.png][]**

# **17、档案与目录的显示：ls** #

**![1363936364_8540.png][]**

**![1363936378_2040.png][]**

# **18、复制档案或目录：cp** #

**![1363936391_3459.png][]**

**![1363936405_1275.png][]**

**![1363936421_3936.png][]**

**![1363936434_7475.png][]**

**![1363936447_1389.png][]**

**![1363936473_8128.png][]**

**![1363936488_3487.png][]**

# **19、移除档案或目录：rm** #

**![1363936513_9642.png][]**

**![1363936523_3283.png][]**

**![1363936534_8970.png][]**

# **20、移动档案与目录，或更名：mv** #

**![1363936546_1932.png][]**

**![1363936558_1163.png][]**

# **21、取得路径的文件名与目录名：basename，dirname** #

**![1363936571_2352.png][]**

**![1363936582_4520.png][]**

# **22、由第一行开始显示档案内容：cat** #

**![1363936609_6282.png][]**

**![1363936621_3423.png][]**

# **23、从最后一行开始显示：tac（可以看出 tac 是 cat 的倒着写）** #

**![1363936634_1541.png][]**

# **24、显示的时候，顺道输出行号：nl** #

**![1363936651_6458.png][]**

**![1363936671_4557.png][]**

**![1363936684_7797.png][]**

# **25、一页一页的显示档案内容：more** #

**![1363936710_9067.png][]**

# **26、与 more 类似，但是比 more 更好的是，他可以往前翻页：less** #

**![1363936728_2729.png][]**

# **27、只看头几行：head** #

**![1363936748_3301.png][]**

# **28、只看尾几行：tail** #

**![1363936798_8160.png][]**

# **29、以二进制的放置读取档案内容：od** #

**![1363936808_2619.png][]**

**![1363936819_8586.png][]**

# **30、修改档案时间或新建档案：touch** #

**![1363936832_1025.png][]**

**![1363936847_2396.png][]**

**![1363936857_7179.png][]**

# **31、档案预设权限：umask** #

**![1363936868_1680.png][]**

# **32、配置文件档案隐藏属性：chattr** #

**![1363936877_4715.png][]**

**![1363936886_3351.png][]**

**![1363936897_2939.png][]**

# **33、显示档案隐藏属性：lsattr** #

**![1363936910_4210.png][]**

# **34、观察文件类型：file** #

**![1363936923_3379.png][]**

# **35、寻找【执行挡】：which** #

**![1363936932_2949.png][]**

**![1363936946_1973.png][]**

# **36、寻找特定档案：whereis** #

**![1363936956_5666.png][]**

# **37、寻找特定档案：locate** #

**![1363937757_9288.png][]**

# **38、寻找特定档案：find** #

**![1363937773_3082.png][]**

**![1363937784_2757.png][]**

# **39、压缩文件和读取压缩文件：gzip，zcat** #

**![1363937793_4694.png][]**

**![1363937802_1953.png][]**

# **40、压缩文件和读取压缩文件：bzip2，bzcat** #

**![1363937816_9269.png][]**

**![1363937900_4463.png][]**

# **41、压缩文件和读取压缩文件：tar** #

**![1363937990_3354.png][]**

**![1363938001_5653.png][]**

**![1363938031_1319.png][]**

**![1363938044_9852.png][]**

**![1363938052_3223.png][]**

**![1363938061_6833.png][]**

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