linux账户相关，rpm，网络

末蓝、 2022-07-14 02:46 155阅读 0赞

## 账号信息 ##

用户账号文件：

主要是：/etc/passwd、/etc/shadow  
组账号文件：  
主要是：/etc/group、/etc/gshadow

查询命令：

groups命令—查询用户账号所属的组

id命令—查询用户账号的身份标识

## 添加、删除、修改用户账号 ##

基本命令格式：

*  **useradd \[ 选项 \]      用户名**
    
     *  \-u：指定用户的UID号，要求该UID号码未被其他用户使用
     *  \-d：指定用户的宿主目录位置
     *  \-e：指定用户的账户失效时间，可使用YYYY-MM-DD的日期格式
     *  \-g：指定用户的基本组名（或使用GID号）
     *  \-G：指定用户的附加组名（或使用GID号）
     *  \-M：不建立宿主目录，即使/etc/login.defs系统配置中已设定要建立宿主目录
     *  \-s：指定用户的登录Shell
    
     *  **passwd**命令—为用户账号设置密码
        
         *  \-d：清空指定用户的密码，仅使用用户名即可登录系统
         *  \-l：锁定用户账户
         *  \-S：查看用户账号的状态（是否被锁定）
         *  \-u：解锁用户账户
     *  **useradd**命令—修改用户账号属性
        
         *  \-u：修改用户的UID号
         *  \-d：修改用户的宿主目录位置
         *  \-e：修改用户的账户失效时间，可使用YYYY-MM-DD的日期格式
         *  \-g：修改用户的基本组名（或使用GID号）
         *  \-G：修改用户的附加组名（或使用GID号）
         *  \-M：不为用户建立并初始化宿主目录
         *  \-s：指定用户的登录Shell
         *  \-l：更改用户账号的登录名称（Login Name）
         *  \-L：锁定用户账号
         *  \-U：解锁用户账号
     *  **Userdel**命令—删除用户账号
        
         *  \-r：可同时删除宿主目录

*  **用户账号的初始配置文件：**
    
     *  **.bashrc\_profile**文件：此文件中的命令将在该用户每次登录时被执行
     *  **.bashrc**文件：此文件中的命令会在每次加载"/bin/Bash"程序时（当然也包括登录系统）执行
     *  **.bash\_logout**文件：此文件中的命令将在用户每次退出登录时执行

## rpm常用参数 ##

rpm －ivh 软件包名

安装软件包并显示安装进度。这个是用得最多的了。

rpm -qa

查询已经安装哪些软件包。

rpm -q 软件包名

查询指定软件包是否已经安装。

rpm -Uvh  软件包名

升级一个软件包。

rpm -e 软件包名

删除指定软件包。

## linux(CentOS)网络参数（IP网关DNS） 设置(即时生效,启动生效) ##

**vi**/etc/sysconfig/network\-scripts/ifcfg\-eth0

DEVICE=eth0#描述网卡对应的设备别名，例如ifcfg-eth0的文件中它为eth0
    BOOTPROTO=static#设置网卡获得ip地址的方式，可能的选项为static，dhcp或bootp，分别对应静态指定的 ip地址，通过dhcp协议获得的ip地址，通过bootp协议获得的ip地址
    BROADCAST=192.168.1.255#对应的子网广播地址
    HWADDR=00:07:E9:05:E8:B4#对应的网卡物理地址
    IPADDR=192.168.1.102#如果设置网卡获得 ip地址的方式为静态指定，此字段就指定了网卡对应的ip地址
    IPV6INIT=no
    IPV6_AUTOCONF=no
    NETMASK=255.255.255.0#网卡对应的网络掩码
    NETWORK=192.168.1.0#网卡对应的网络地址
    GATEWAY=192.168.1.1#网关地址 注意：没有这项不能上网
    ONBOOT=yes#系统启动时是否设置此网络接口，设置为yes时，系统启动时激活此设备
    TYPE=Ethernet#这个是网络类型，不用改的，默认就是Ethernet，以太网的意思！

### CentOS 修改网关(default gateway) ###

<1>即时生效：

\[zzs@centos ~\]$ route add default gw 192.168.1.1

PHP

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      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: inherit !important; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; line-height: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; color: teal !important;">route </span> 
      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: inherit !important; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; line-height: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; color: teal !important;">add </span> 
      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; font-weight: bold !important;">default</span> 
      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: inherit !important; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; line-height: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 111, 224) !important;"> </span> 
      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; font-size: inherit !important; line-height: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important;">gw</span> 
      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: inherit !important; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; line-height: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 111, 224) !important;"> </span> 
      <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: inherit !important; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; line-height: inherit !important; font-weight: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 153, 153) !important;">192.168.1.1</span> 
     </div> 
    </div></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<2>启动生效：  
修改对应网卡的网关的配置文件

[zzs@centos~]$vi/etc/sysconfig/network
    NETWORKING=yes#(表示系统是否使用网络，一般设置为yes。如果设为no，则不能使用网络，而且很多系统服务程序将无法启动)
    HOSTNAME=centos#(设置本机的主机名，这里设置的主机名要和/etc/hosts中设置的主机名对应)
    GATEWAY=192.168.1.1#(设置本机连接的网关的IP地址。例如，网关为10.0.0.2)

### CentOS DNS的修改 ###

<table style="margin-left:0px; font-size:0.857142857rem; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(117,117,117); line-height:2; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:none!important; border-collapse:collapse!important; border-spacing:0px!important; width:auto!important; table-layout:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
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      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"></span> 
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     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

修改后可即时生效，启动同样有效

nameserver= \*\*\*.\*\*\*.\*\*\*.\*\*\*

<table style="margin-left:0px; font-size:0.857142857rem; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(117,117,117); line-height:2; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:none!important; border-collapse:collapse!important; border-spacing:0px!important; width:auto!important; table-layout:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:12px; vertical-align:baseline"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:none!important; vertical-align:top!important; background:0px 50%"> 
   <td style="border:0px; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:top!important; font-family:Monaco,MonacoRegular,'Courier New',monospace!important; background-color:rgb(238,238,238)!important"> 
    <div style="margin:0px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:5px!important; padding-bottom:3px!important; line-height:15px!important; background:0px 50%"> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:1px!important; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(222,222,222)!important; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; text-align:right!important; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; min-width:1.2em!important; color:rgb(170,170,170)!important; background:0px 50%">
       1 
     </div> 
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       2 
     </div> 
    </div></td> 
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    <div style="margin:0px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(0,0,0); white-space:pre; overflow:visible; padding-top:5px!important; padding-bottom:3px!important; border:none!important; line-height:15px!important; background:none!important"> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:0px 50%"> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">nameserver</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"></span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,153,153)!important">8.8.8.8</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"></span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">#google域名服务器</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:0px 50%"> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important">nameserver</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"></span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,153,153)!important">8.8.4.4</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"></span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(184,92,0)!important">#google域名服务器</span> 
     </div> 
    </div></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

最多可有三个，作为上一个失败后的候选

### 重新启动网络配置 ###

\# service network restart  
或  
\# /etc/init.d/network restart

### 修改主机名（host name） ###

<1>即时生效:

<2>启动生效:

<table style="margin-left:0px; font-size:0.857142857rem; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(117,117,117); line-height:2; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:none!important; border-collapse:collapse!important; border-spacing:0px!important; width:auto!important; table-layout:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:12px; vertical-align:baseline"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:none!important; vertical-align:top!important; background:0px 50%"> 
   <td style="border:0px; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:top!important; font-family:Monaco,MonacoRegular,'Courier New',monospace!important; background-color:rgb(238,238,238)!important"> 
    <div style="margin:0px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:5px!important; padding-bottom:3px!important; line-height:15px!important; background:0px 50%"> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:1px!important; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(222,222,222)!important; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; text-align:right!important; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; min-width:1.2em!important; color:rgb(170,170,170)!important; background:0px 50%">
       1 
     </div> 
    </div></td> 
   <td style="border:0px; width:596px; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:top!important; font-family:Monaco,MonacoRegular,'Courier New',monospace!important; background:0px 50%"> 
    <div style="margin:0px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(0,0,0); white-space:pre; overflow:visible; padding-top:5px!important; padding-bottom:3px!important; border:none!important; line-height:15px!important; background:none!important"> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:0px 50%"> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">[</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">zzs</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">@</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">centos</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"></span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">~</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">]</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">$</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"></span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">vi</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important"></span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">/</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">etc</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">/</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">sysconfig</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">/</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">network</span> 
     </div> 
    </div></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\#形式如下：

<table style="margin-left:0px; font-size:0.857142857rem; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(117,117,117); line-height:2; margin-top:0px!important; margin-right:0px!important; margin-bottom:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:none!important; border-collapse:collapse!important; border-spacing:0px!important; width:auto!important; table-layout:auto!important; background:none!important"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:12px; vertical-align:baseline"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:none!important; vertical-align:top!important; background:0px 50%"> 
   <td style="border:0px; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:top!important; font-family:Monaco,MonacoRegular,'Courier New',monospace!important; background-color:rgb(238,238,238)!important"> 
    <div style="margin:0px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:5px!important; padding-bottom:3px!important; line-height:15px!important; background:0px 50%"> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:1px!important; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(222,222,222)!important; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; text-align:right!important; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; min-width:1.2em!important; color:rgb(170,170,170)!important; background:0px 50%">
       1 
     </div> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border-top-width:0px; border-right-width:1px!important; border-bottom-width:0px; border-left-width:0px; border-right-style:solid!important; border-right-color:rgb(222,222,222)!important; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; text-align:right!important; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; min-width:1.2em!important; color:rgb(170,170,170)!important; background:0px 50%">
       2 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
   <td style="border:0px; width:596px; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; vertical-align:top!important; font-family:Monaco,MonacoRegular,'Courier New',monospace!important; background:0px 50%"> 
    <div style="margin:0px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; vertical-align:baseline; color:rgb(0,0,0); white-space:pre; overflow:visible; padding-top:5px!important; padding-bottom:3px!important; border:none!important; line-height:15px!important; background:none!important"> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:0px 50%"> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">NETWORKING</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">=</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:teal!important">yes</span> 
     </div> 
     <div style="margin:0px; padding:0px 5px; border:0px; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; font-size:inherit!important; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; background:0px 50%"> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">HOSTNAME</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,111,224)!important">=</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">www</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">zzs</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(51,51,51)!important">.</span> 
      <span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px; font-size:inherit!important; vertical-align:baseline; font-family:inherit; height:inherit; line-height:inherit!important; font-weight:inherit!important; color:rgb(0,45,122)!important">me</span> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

### 杂项 ###

如果想要把centos设置成nat方式来上网，需要把网络参数改成刚装系统的样子  
即：

DEVICE=eth0
    BOOTPROTO=dhcp
    HWADDR=00:07:E9:05:E8:B4

把以前写好的网关删除了，只剩以下内容

[zzs@centos~]$vi/etc/sysconfig/network
    NETWORKING=yes
    HOSTNAME=centos