Configuring & Using Apache Tomcat 6

迷南。 2022-07-12 07:54 166阅读 0赞

From http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/

*  [Configure Tomcat.][]
    
    1.  [Download the software.][] Go to [ http://tomcat.apache.org/download-60.cgi][http_tomcat.apache.org_download-60.cgi] and download and unpack the zip file for the current release build of Tomcat 6.0.
    2.  [Set the `JAVA_HOME` variable.][Set the _JAVA_HOME_ variable.] Set it to refer to the base JDK directory, not the *bin* subdirectory.
    3.  [Change the port to 80.][] Edit *install\_dir/conf/**server** .xml* and change the `port` attribute of the `Connector` element from 8080 to 80.
    4.  [Turn on servlet reloading.][] Edit *install\_dir/conf/**context** .xml* and change `<Context>` to `<Context reloadable="true" privileged="true">` .
    5.  [Enable the invoker servlet.][] Go to *install\_dir/conf/**web** .xml* and uncomment the `servlet` and `servlet-mapping` elements that map the `invoker` servlet to */servlet/\** .
    6.  [Turn on directory listings.][] Go to *install\_dir/conf/**web** .xml* , find the `init-param` entry for `listings` , and change the value from `false` to `true` .
    7.  [Set the `CATALINA_HOME` variable.][Set the _CATALINA_HOME_ variable.] Optionally, set `CATALINA_HOME` to refer to the top-level Tomcat installation directory. Not necessary unless you copy the startup scripts instead of making shortcuts to them.
    8.  [Use a preconfigured Tomcat version.][] Optionally, use a version of Jakarta Tomcat that has all of the above changes already made, and has the test HTML, JSP, and servlet files already bundled. Just unzip the file, set your `JAVA_HOME` and `CLASSPATH` variables, and you are ready to go.
    
      
    
    
    Configuring Tomcat involves four main steps and five optional steps:
    
    1.  [Downloading the Tomcat software.][Download the software.]
    2.  [Setting the `JAVA_HOME` variable.][Set the _JAVA_HOME_ variable.]
    3.  [Changing the port from 8080 to 80.][Change the port to 80.]
    4.  [Telling Tomcat to reload servlets when they are modified. ][Turn on servlet reloading.]
    5.  [Enabling the invoker servlet.][Enable the invoker servlet.]
    6.  [Turning on directory listings.][Turn on directory listings.]
    7.  [Setting the `CATALINA_HOME` variable.][Set the _CATALINA_HOME_ variable.] (Optional; rarely used)
    8.  [Using a preconfigured version of Tomcat with these changes already made.][] (Optional; widely used)
    9.  [Using the Windows .exe installer instead of the .zip file.][] (Not Recommended)
    
    Details of each step are given below. If Tomcat is already running, restart it after performing these steps.
    
    ## 1. Download the Apache Tomcat Software ##
    
    Go to [ http://tomcat.apache.org/download-60.cgi][http_tomcat.apache.org_download-60.cgi] and download and unpack the zip file for the current release build of Tomcat 6. You specify the top-level directory (e.g., *C:/* ) and the zip file has embedded subdirectories (e.g., *apache-tomcat-6.0.10* ). Thus, *C:/apache-tomcat-6.0.10* is a common resultant installation directory. Note: from this point forward, I'll refer to that location as *install\_dir* . For Windows, there is also a .exe installer; I prefer the .zip file, but see [the .exe installer section][Using the Windows .exe installer instead of the .zip file.] for notes on the differences between the two.
    
    Alternatively, you can use my [ preconfigured Jakarta Tomcat version][Use a preconfigured Tomcat version.] . This version already has the port changed to 80, servlet reloading enabled, and the invoker servlet turned on. It also comes with a sample development directory, *autoexec.bat* file, startup/shutdown shortcuts, and shortcuts for deploying applications.
    
    ## 2. Set the `JAVA_HOME` Variable ##
    
    Next, you must set the `JAVA_HOME` environment variable to tell Tomcat where to find Java. Failing to properly set this variable prevents Tomcat from compiling JSP pages. This variable should list the base JDK installation directory, not the *bin* subdirectory. For example, on almost any version of Windows, if you use JDK 1.5\_08, you might put the following line in your *C:/autoexec.bat* file.
    
        set JAVA_HOME=C:/Program Files/Java/jdk1.5.0_08
    
    On Windows XP, you could also go to the Start menu, select Control Panel, choose System, click on the Advanced tab, press the Environment Variables button at the bottom, and enter the `JAVA_HOME` variable and value directly. On Windows 2000 and NT, you do Start, Settings, Control Panel, System, then Environment. However, you can use *C:/autoexec.bat* on those versions of Windows also (unless a system administrator h as set your PC to ignore it).
    
    ## 3. Change the Port to 80 ##
    
    Assuming you have no other server already running on port 80, you'll find it convenient to configure Tomcat to run on the default HTTP port (80) instead of the out-of-the-box port of 8080. Making this change lets you use URLs of the form *http://localhost/blah* instead of *http://localhost:8080/blah* . Note that you need admin privileges to make this change on Unix/Linux. Also note that some versions of Windows XP automatically start IIS on port 80. So, if you use XP and want to use port 80 for Tomcat, you may need to disable IIS (see the Administrative Tools section of the Control Panel).
    
    To change the port, edit *install\_dir/conf/**server** .xml* and change the `port` attribute of the `Connector` element from 8080 to 80, yielding a result similar to that below.
    
        <Connector port="80"
         ...
        
                      maxThreads="150"  ...
    
    You can also:
    
     *  [ Use my preconfigured Jakarta Tomcat version.][Use a preconfigured Tomcat version.] Apache Tomcat 6.0.10 with all *server.xml* , *context.xml* , and *web.xml* changes, plus the sample HTML, JSP, and Java files.
     *  [Download my modified server.xml for Tomcat 6.0.][] From Apache Tomcat 6.0.10, but should work on most versions of Tomcat 6.0. Right-click or shift-click on the link to download the file.
    
    ##  4. Turn on Servlet Reloading  ##
    
    The next step is to tell Tomcat to check the modification dates of the class files of requested servlets, and reload ones that have changed since they were loaded into the server's memory. This slightly degrades performance in deployment situations, so is turned off by default. However, if you fail to turn it on for your development server, you'll have to restart the server every time you recompile a servlet that has already been loaded into the server's memory. Since this tutorial discusses the use of Tomcat for *development* , this change is strongly recommended.
    
    To turn on servlet reloading, edit Edit *install\_dir/conf/**context** .xml* and change
    
        <Context>
    
    to
    
        <Context reloadable="true" privileged="true">
    
    Note that the `privileged` entry is really to support the invoker servlet (see the following section), so you can omit that entry if you do not use the invoker.
    
    You can also:
    
     *  [ Use my preconfigured Tomcat version.][Use a preconfigured Tomcat version.] Tomcat 6.0.10 with all *server.xml* , *context.xml* , and *web.xml* changes, plus the sample HTML, JSP, and Java files.
     *  [Download my modified *context.xml* for Tomcat 6.0.][Download my modified _context.xml_ for Tomcat 6.0.] From Tomcat 6.0.10, but should work on most versions of Tomcat 6.0. Right-click or shift-click on the link to download the file.
    
      
    
    
    ##  5. Enable the Invoker Servlet  ##
    
    The invoker servlet lets you run servlets without first making changes to your Web application's deployment descriptor (i.e., the *WEB-INF/web.xml* file). Instead, you just drop your servlet into *WEB-INF/classes* and use the URL *http://host/**servlet** /**ServletName*** (or *http://host/webAppName/servlet/ServletName* once you start using your [own Web applications][] . The invoker servlet is extremely convenient when you are learning and even when you are testing things doing your initial development. You almost certainly want to enable it when learning, but you should disable it again before deploying any real applications .
    
    To enable the invoker servlet, uncomment the following `servlet` and `servlet-mapping` elements in *install\_dir/conf/**web** .xml* . Do not confuse this Apache Tomcat-specific *web.xml* file with the standard one that goes in the *WEB-INF* directory of each Web application.
    
        <servlet>
        
                <servlet-name>invoker</servlet-name>
        
                <servlet-class>
        
                  org.apache.catalina.servlets.InvokerServlet
        
                </servlet-class>
        
                ...
        
            </servlet>
        
            ...
        
            <servlet-mapping>
        
                <servlet-name>invoker</servlet-name>
        
                <url-pattern>/servlet/*</url-pattern>
        
            </servlet-mapping>
    
    In Tomcat 6 (but not Tomcat 5.5), you also need the `privileged="true"` entry in the `Context` element of *context.xml* . See the previous section for an example.
    
    You can also:
    
     *  [ Use my preconfigured Tomcat version.][Use a preconfigured Tomcat version.] Tomcat 6.0 with all *server.xml* , *context.xml* , and *web.xml* changes, plus the sample HTML, JSP, and Java files.
     *  [Download my modified web.xml for Tomcat 6.0.][] From Tomcat 6.0.10, but should work on most versions of Tomcat 6.0. Right-click or shift-click on the link to download the file.
    
    ## 6. Turn on Directory Listings (Optional) ##
    
    In previous Tomcat versions, if you entered a URL ending in a slash (/) and there was no welcome-file in the directory (or servlet-mapping that matched the URL), Tomcat displayed a directory listing. In Tomcat 6, the default was changed from true to false for these directory listings. Many developers find it convenient to turn directory listings back on. To make this change, edit *install\_dir/conf/**web** .xml* and change the init-param value of listings for the default servlet, as below. Do not confuse this Apache Tomcat-specific *web.xml* file with the standard one that goes in the *WEB-INF* directory of each Web application.
    
        <servlet>
        
                <servlet-name>default</servlet-name>
        
                <servlet-class>org.apache.catalina.servlets.DefaultServlet</servlet-class>
        
                <init-param>
        
                    <param-name>debug</param-name>
        
                    <param-value>0</param-value>
        
                </init-param>
        
                <init-param>
        
                    <param-name>listings</param-name>
        
                    <param-value>true</param-value>
        
        
                </init-param>
        
                <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
        
            </servlet>
    
    You can also:
    
     *  [ Use my preconfigured Tomcat version.][Use a preconfigured Tomcat version.] Tomcat 6.0 with all *server.xml* , *context.xml* , and *web.xml* changes, plus the sample HTML, JSP, and Java files.
     *  [Download my modified web.xml for Tomcat 6.0.][] From Tomcat 6.0.10, but should work on most versions of Tomcat 6.0. Right-click or shift-click on the link to download the file.
    
    ## 7. Set the `CATALINA_HOME` Variable (Optional) ##
    
    If you are going to make copies of the Tomcat startup or shutdown scripts (e.g., *startup.bat* and *shutdown.bat* ), it is also helpful to set the `CATALINA_HOME` environment variable to refer to the top-level directory of the Apache Tomcat installation (e.g., *C:/apache-tomcat-6.0.10* ). This variable identifies the Tomcat installation directory to the server. However, if you are careful to avoid copying the server scripts and you use only shortcuts (called "symbolic links" on Unix/Linux) instead, you are *not* required to set this variable. **I recommend using shortcuts and not bothering with `CATALINA_HOME` .**
    
    ## 8. Using the Preconfigured Tomcat Version (Optional) ##
    
    Please see the [ preconfigured Tomcat][Use a preconfigured Tomcat version.] page to get a version of Jakarta Tomcat 6.0 with all configuration settings already made. Just unzip the file, set your `JAVA_HOME` and `CLASSPATH` variables, and you are read to go.
    
    ## 9. Using the Windows .exe Installer ##
    
    If you are using Microsoft Windows, you can download a .exe installer instead of the .zip file discussed in this tutorial. In my opinion, it is not worth the bother to do so, but some people like it. If you use it, note these differences:
    
     *  **It will prompt you for the desired port.** It will ask you what port it should run on, and make the changes in *server.xml* for you. You will still need to manually edit *context.xml* and *web.xml* , however.
     *  **It will set `JAVA_HOME` for you.** The installer hunts for your Java installation and tries to set `JAVA_HOME` appropriately. This is a convenience, albeit a minor one.
     *  **It will setup Start Menu entries.** In particular, instead of using *startup.bat* and *shutdown.bat* , you can go to the Start Menu, select Apache Tomcat 6.0, select Monitor Tomcat, and select Start or Stop, as shown below. I prefer *startup.bat* and *shutdown.bat* so that I can put shortcuts in my development directory (easier to invoke) and/or the desktop (where I can associate keyboard shortcuts).
        
        ![Tomcat 5 Monitor][]
 *

[Configure Tomcat.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Configure-Tomcat
[Download the software.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Download-Tomcat
[http_tomcat.apache.org_download-60.cgi]: http://tomcat.apache.org/download-60.cgi
[Set the _JAVA_HOME_ variable.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Java-Home
[Change the port to 80.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Change-Port
[Turn on servlet reloading.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Servlet-Reloading
[Enable the invoker servlet.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Enable-Invoker
[Turn on directory listings.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Directory-Listings
[Set the _CATALINA_HOME_ variable.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Catalina-Home
[Use a preconfigured Tomcat version.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/Preconfigured-Tomcat-Version.html
[Using a preconfigured version of Tomcat with these changes already made.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Preconfigured-Tomcat
[Using the Windows .exe installer instead of the .zip file.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#EXE-Installer
[Download my modified server.xml for Tomcat 6.0.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/tomcat6.0-files/server.xml
[Download my modified _context.xml_ for Tomcat 6.0.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/tomcat6.0-files/context.xml
[own Web applications]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/#Web-Apps
[Download my modified web.xml for Tomcat 6.0.]: http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Tomcat-Tutorial/tomcat6.0-files/web.xml
[Tomcat 5 Monitor]: http://www.coreservlets.com/images/Tomcat-5-Monitor.jpg