在Centos 7下安装MariaDB简明教程

本是古典何须时尚 2022-06-16 00:41 967阅读 0赞

引言： 本文将简要介绍如何在CentOS 7的环境下，安装Mariadb，配置用户和访问权限等类似操作。

1.  CentOS

Cent OS是业界中大名鼎鼎的RedHat红帽系统的开源编译版本，站在巨人的肩上是可以看得更高更远， 由于RedHat的Linux系统非常稳定和强大，且已经得到了业界的普遍认可，这一点从Red Hat的公司业绩就一目了然得感觉到。

由于Red Hat Linux系统是基于开源的Linux系统而来，故其的代码需要进行开源，所以我们才可以见得到Centos系统，其是基于Red Hat Linux开源的源代码编译而来， 目前绝大多数的业界Linux系统都是基于CentOS的衍生系统。

目前Centos的最新版本为7.2， 感兴趣的童鞋可以访问其官网: www.centos.org， 支持开源，人人受益。

![在Centos 7下安装MariaDB简明教程][Centos 7_MariaDB]

2. MaraDB

MariaDB数据库管理系统是MySQL的一个分支，采用GPL授权许可 MariaDB的目的是完全兼容MySQL，包括API和命令行，使之能轻松成为MySQL的代替品；其目前版本开源，相对于Oracle旗下的MySQL而言，无法确认某一天MySQL是否会转换为商业产品，且目前这个迹象已经非常明显。在大名鼎鼎的Ubuntu Linux发行版中，已经将MySQL数据库替换为了MariaDB数据库，由此可见开源社区对Oracle不明朗态度的担忧。

MariaDB由MySQL的创始人Michael Widenius主导开发，其目前的版本为10.1/10.2 Series，兼容MySQL的5.6， 5.7版本。 简单而言，大家可以把其当作一模一样的MySQL来用，完全没有问题。当然MariaDB没有停留在MySQL的基础上，其依然开发了若干很好的特性，比如集群的解决方案，高可用性等等技术方案，感兴趣的童鞋可以访问其官网获取更多信息。

官网：www.mariadb.org

![在Centos 7下安装MariaDB简明教程][Centos 7_MariaDB 1]

3. Yum

Yum（全称为 Yellow dog Updater, Modified）是一个在Fedora和RedHat以及CentOS中的Shell前端软件包管理器。基于RPM包管理，能够从指定的服务器自动下载RPM包并且安装，可以自动处理依赖性关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的软件包，无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。

基本上每个Linux发行版都会开发一套自己的包管理工具，故这个也是在使用Linux之时非常让人头痛的地方，目前几个主流的包管理工具有：

>>　RPM 同样来自 Red Hat的贡献

>> APT 大规模使用在Ubuntu的发行版本上

4. 安装步骤

a.1 检查当下操作系统的版本

>>> uname -a

Linux AY131203102210033c39Z 3.10.0-327.22.2.el7.x86\_64 \#1 SMP Thu Jun 23 17:05:11 UTC 2016 x86\_64 x86\_64 x86\_64 GNU/Linux

>>> cat /proc/version

Linux version 3.10.0-327.22.2.el7.x86\_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.3 20140911 (Red Hat 4.8.3-9) (GCC) ) \#1 SMP Thu Jun 23 17:05:11 UTC 2016

>>> lsb\_release

LSB Version: :core-4.1-amd64:core-4.1-noarch

针对Centos或者Red Hat的系统，可以基于如下命令来检查其版本:

>> cat /etc/redhat-release

CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)

a.2 检查MaraiDB是否已经安装

>> yum search mariadb

> \[root@xxxxxx~\]\# yum search mariadb
> 
> Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
> 
> Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
> 
> \* base: mirrors.aliyuncs.com
> 
> \* epel: mirrors.aliyuncs.com
> 
> \* extras: mirrors.aliyuncs.com
> 
> \* updates: mirrors.aliyuncs.com
> 
> ======================================================================================= N/S matched: mariadb ========================================================================================
> 
> mariadb-bench.x86\_64 : MariaDB benchmark scripts and data
> 
> mariadb-devel.i686 : Files for development of MariaDB/MySQL applications
> 
> mariadb-devel.x86\_64 : Files for development of MariaDB/MySQL applications
> 
> mariadb-embedded.i686 : MariaDB as an embeddable library
> 
> mariadb-embedded.x86\_64 : MariaDB as an embeddable library
> 
> mariadb-embedded-devel.i686 : Development files for MariaDB as an embeddable library
> 
> mariadb-embedded-devel.x86\_64 : Development files for MariaDB as an embeddable library
> 
> mariadb-libs.i686 : The shared libraries required for MariaDB/MySQL clients
> 
> mariadb-libs.x86\_64 : The shared libraries required for MariaDB/MySQL clients
> 
> mariadb-server.x86\_64 : The MariaDB server and related files
> 
> mariadb.x86\_64 : A community developed branch of MySQL
> 
> mariadb-test.x86\_64 : The test suite distributed with MariaD
> 
> percona-xtrabackup.x86\_64 : Online backup for InnoDB/XtraDB in MySQL, Percona Server and MariaDB
> 
> Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

>> yum info mariadb

可以获取到mariadb的安装状态信息

a.3 安装

>> yum install mariadb mariadb-server

> \[root@xxxxx ~\]\# yum install mariadb mariadb-server
> 
> Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
> 
> base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
> 
> epel | 4.3 kB 00:00:00
> 
> extras | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
> 
> updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
> 
> (1/2): epel/x86\_64/updateinfo | 738 kB 00:00:00
> 
> (2/2): epel/x86\_64/primary\_db | 4.5 MB 00:00:04
> 
> Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
> 
> \* base: mirrors.aliyuncs.com
> 
> \* epel: mirrors.aliyuncs.com
> 
> \* extras: mirrors.aliyuncs.com
> 
> \* updates: mirrors.aliyuncs.com
> 
> Package 1:mariadb-5.5.52-1.el7.x86\_64 already installed and latest version
> 
> Resolving Dependencies
> 
> \--> Running transaction check
> 
> ........................................................
> 
> Verifying : perl-DBD-MySQL-4.023-5.el7.x86\_64 9/10
> 
> Verifying : perl-IO-Compress-2.061-2.el7.noarch 10/10
> 
> Installed:
> 
> mariadb-server.x86\_64 1:5.5.52-1.el7
> 
> Dependency Installed:
> 
> libaio.x86\_64 0:0.3.109-13.el7 perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2.x86\_64 0:2.061-3.el7 perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib.x86\_64 1:2.061-4.el7 perl-DBD-MySQL.x86\_64 0:4.023-5.el7 perl-DBI.x86\_64 0:1.627-4.el7
> 
> perl-Data-Dumper.x86\_64 0:2.145-3.el7 perl-IO-Compress.noarch 0:2.061-2.el7 perl-Net-Daemon.noarch 0:0.48-5.el7 perl-PlRPC.noarch 0:0.2020-14.el7
> 
> Complete!

以上就安装成功了。

a.4 启动mariadb,并检查其启动状态

> systemctl start mariadb

启动完成后，测试启动启动状态:

> systemctl status mariadb

以下是启动过程信息，可以查看其失败的原因和成功的过程信息

> ● mariadb.service - MariaDB database server
> 
> Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
> 
> Active: active (running) since Mon 2017-02-20 13:01:25 CST; 7s ago
> 
> Process: 32136 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/mariadb-wait-ready $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
> 
> Process: 32056 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mariadb-prepare-db-dir %n (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
> 
> Main PID: 32134 (mysqld\_safe)
> 
> CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service
> 
> ├─32134 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld\_safe --basedir=/usr
> 
> └─32292 /usr/libexec/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin --log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log --pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.p...
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mariadb-prepare-db-dir\[32056\]: The latest information about MariaDB is available at http://mariadb.org/.
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mariadb-prepare-db-dir\[32056\]: You can find additional information about the MySQL part at:
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mariadb-prepare-db-dir\[32056\]: http://dev.mysql.com
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mariadb-prepare-db-dir\[32056\]: Support MariaDB development by buying support/new features from MariaDB
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mariadb-prepare-db-dir\[32056\]: Corporation Ab. You can contact us about this at sales@mariadb.com.
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mariadb-prepare-db-dir\[32056\]: Alternatively consider joining our community based development effort:
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mariadb-prepare-db-dir\[32056\]: http://mariadb.com/kb/en/contributing-to-the-mariadb-project/
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mysqld\_safe\[32134\]: 170220 13:01:21 mysqld\_safe Logging to '/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log'.
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:21 AY131203102210033c39Z mysqld\_safe\[32134\]: 170220 13:01:21 mysqld\_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql
> 
> Feb 20 13:01:25 AY131203102210033c39Z systemd\[1\]: Started MariaDB database server.

看到最后一句的时候，就知道其已经正常启动了.....

另外大家也可以访问/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log中的日志信息，非常有帮助的。

将mariadb设置为开机启动：

> systemctl enable mariadb

输出信息为：

Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.

5. 设置Root 用户的登陆密码

> mysql\_secure\_installation

根据命令提示，主要是做以下几件事情：

>> 设置root密码

>> 是否禁止远程 root访问

>> 是否禁止 test数据库的访问

>> 是否禁用匿名用户

>> 是否重新加载privilleges-table信息

具体的执行信息如下：

> NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
> 
> SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
> 
> In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
> 
> password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and
> 
> you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
> 
> so you should just press enter here.
> 
> Enter current password for root (enter for none):
> 
> OK, successfully used password, moving on...
> 
> Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
> 
> root user without the proper authorisation.
> 
> Set root password? \[Y/n\] y
> 
> New password:
> 
> Re-enter new password:
> 
> Password updated successfully!
> 
> Reloading privilege tables..
> 
> ... Success!
> 
> By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
> 
> to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
> 
> them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
> 
> go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
> 
> production environment.
> 
> Remove anonymous users? \[Y/n\] y
> 
> ... Success!
> 
> Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'. This
> 
> ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
> 
> Disallow root login remotely? \[Y/n\] y
> 
> ... Success!
> 
> By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
> 
> access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
> 
> before moving into a production environment.
> 
> Remove test database and access to it? \[Y/n\] y
> 
> \- Dropping test database...
> 
> ... Success!
> 
> \- Removing privileges on test database...
> 
> ... Success!
> 
> Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
> 
> will take effect immediately.
> 
> Reload privilege tables now? \[Y/n\] y
> 
> ... Success!
> 
> Cleaning up...
> 
> All done! If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
> 
> installation should now be secure.
> 
> Thanks for using MariaDB!

6. 创建用户以及设置权限

创建用户:

mysql>create user username@localhost identified by 'password';

授予用户权利：

mysql>grant all on *.* to username@localhost identified by 'password';

授予用户访问外网的权利：

mysql>grant all privileges on *.* to username@'%' identified by 'password';

授予权限并且可以授权

grant all privileges on *.* to username@'hostname' identified by 'password' with grant option;

刷新权限表, 让各种设置立即生效。

> flush privileges;

验证用户是否被正确创建， 访问mysql.user 表，看看其中是否存在bladestone用户。

7. 配置Mariadb数据库的字符设置

>> 在/etc/my.cnf中的mysqld标签下，新增字符设置:

init_connect='SET collation_connection = utf8_unicode_ci' init_connect='SET NAMES utf8' character-set-server=utf8

>> 在/etc/my.cnf.d/client.cnf中的client标签下，新增字符设置:

default-character-set=utf8

>> 在/etc/my.cnf.d/mysql-clients.cnf下的\[mysqld\]标签下，新增字符设置:

default-character-set=utf8

设置完成后，重新启动mariadb-server, 将设置生效。

>> systemctl restart mariadb

>> systemctl status mariadb \# 检查启动状态是否正确，详细信息参照本文中的样例

>> vi /var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log \# 查看其中是否有错误信息

如果木有错误信息，则设置成功生效了。

那我们来查看一下是否真的生效了：

登陆mysql命令行， 输入命令：

show variables like "%character%";show variables like "%collation%";

输出结果信息：

> MariaDB \[(none)\]> show variables like "%character%";show variables like "%collation%";
> 
> \+--------------------------+----------------------------+
> 
> | Variable\_name | Value |
> 
> \+--------------------------+----------------------------+
> 
> | character\_set\_client | utf8 |
> 
> | character\_set\_connection | utf8 |
> 
> | character\_set\_database | utf8 |
> 
> | character\_set\_filesystem | binary |
> 
> | character\_set\_results | utf8 |
> 
> | character\_set\_server | utf8 |
> 
> | character\_set\_system | utf8 |
> 
> | character\_sets\_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
> 
> \+--------------------------+----------------------------+
> 
> 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
> 
> \+----------------------+-----------------+
> 
> | Variable\_name | Value |
> 
> \+----------------------+-----------------+
> 
> | collation\_connection | utf8\_unicode\_ci |
> 
> | collation\_database | utf8\_unicode\_ci |
> 
> | collation\_server | utf8\_unicode\_ci |
> 
> \+----------------------+-----------------+
> 
> 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8. 测试连接

在目的主机上通过mysql的命令行是可以直接访问的，但是基于远程的主机访问模式，则无法被正确的访问和数据读取，那问题出在什么地方呢？

基于ping命令测试ip地址，可以正确访问。 基于telnet测试，结果确认估计是端口未曾打开，或者是防火墙将其进行了端口屏蔽。

故首先确认，其端口是否正常的工作：

>> netstat -anp | grep 3306

结果发现，其应用正常启动, 故确认其为防火墙的问题以及规则设置。

在Centos 7中的防火墙规则为firewall-cmd， iptables在centos 7中将被替代了。

新增3306的端口开发规则：

> firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=3306/tcp --permanen

重新加载规则：

> firewall-cmd --reload

重新测试连接状态，显示 可以正确远程访问了。

![在Centos 7下安装MariaDB简明教程][Centos 7_MariaDB 2]

9. 总结

在Cent OS上安装mariadb是比较容易的，但是将其配置好，并允许其正常访问确实一个繁琐的过程，希望本文中涉及到的若干技术点，大家都可以有一个直观的认知和后续的了解使用。

如果您有什么问题，还请大家给我留言。

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[Centos 7_MariaDB]: /images/20220616/459894c5024041759f2db471677c648e.png
[Centos 7_MariaDB 1]: http://p3.pstatp.com/large/16c200078517c8fa41ac
[Centos 7_MariaDB 2]: /images/20220616/4d0cc6ec8c08466a8b3ea82713292e1e.png