第4章需求分析和model设计

电玩女神 2022-06-15 09:43 142阅读 0赞

> 慕课网《[强力django+杀手级xadmin 打造上线标准的在线教育平台][django_xadmin]》 学习笔记

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本章主要内容：

*  django app的设计
 *  各个app models的设计
 *  数据表生成与修改

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### django app的设计 ###

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast]

### 安装环境python27下 ###

*  建立虚拟环境

mkvirtualenv mxonline
    pip install django==1.9.8
    pip install mysql-python

*  安装失败时，可以到[http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/][http_www.lfd.uci.edu_gohlke_pythonlibs] 下载适合版本的whl包，然后在pip install packageName.whl来安装
 *  配置settings中的DATABASES

DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
            'NAME':'mxonline',
            'USER':'mxonline',
            'PASSWORD':'mxonline',
            'HOST':"127.0.0.1"
        }
    }

*  迁移数据库

python manage.py makemigrations
    python manage.py migrate

*  访问

### 设计USER APP的model ###

*  新建users app，然后设计user类
 *  由于django自带的user类的字段不能满足我们的需求，所以需要扩展
 *  扩展django user的方法有几种：
    
     *  继承AbstractUser
     *  新建类profile然后用外键指向user
 *  这里使用继承AbstractUser的方法扩展

from django.db import models
    from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
    
    class UserProfile(AbstractUser):
        nick_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"昵称", default="")
        birday = models.DateField(verbose_name=u"生日", null=True, blank=True)
        gender = models.CharField(max_length=6, choices=(("male",u"男"),("female","女")), default="female")
        address = models.CharField(max_length=100, default=u"")
        mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, null=True, blank=True)
        image = models.ImageField(upload_to="image/%Y/%m",default=u"image/default.png", max_length=100)
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = "用户信息"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
        def __unicode__(self):
            return self.username

*  注册在settings中APP，并且需要为AUTH\_USER\_MODEL赋值

AUTH_USER_MODEL="users.UserProfile"

### 各个app models的设计 ###

*  可能出现的问题  
    ![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 1]
 *  解决该问题的方法主要是：分层设计
 *  把用户的操作（评论，收藏等）独立出来，放到另一个单独的app中

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 2]

*  users中添加另外两个比较独立的model：验证码和轮播图  
    ![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 3]
 *  邮箱验证码

class EmailVerifyRecord(models.Model):
        code = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name=u"验证码")
        email = models.EmailField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"邮箱")
        send_type = models.CharField(verbose_name=u"验证码类型", choices=(("register",u"注册"),("forget",u"找回密码"), ("update_email",u"修改邮箱")), max_length=30)
        send_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name=u"发送时间", default=datetime.now)
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"邮箱验证码"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
        def __unicode__(self):
            return '{0}({1})'.format(self.code, self.email)

*  轮播图

class Banner(models.Model):
        title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name=u"标题")
        image = models.ImageField(upload_to="banner/%Y/%m", verbose_name=u"轮播图", max_length=100)
        url = models.URLField(max_length=200, verbose_name=u"访问地址")
        index = models.IntegerField(default=100, verbose_name=u"顺序")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"轮播图"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

### 设计课程的app ###

startapp courses

*  观察界面

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 4]

*  设计数据库表

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 5]

*  PEP8 编程规范
    
     *  中文翻译：[https://my.oschina.net/u/1433482/blog/464444?p=1][https_my.oschina.net_u_1433482_blog_464444_p_1]
     *  官方文档：[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/][https_www.python.org_dev_peps_pep-0008]
     *  两个类之间空两行
 *  Course类

class Course(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"课程名")
        desc = models.CharField(max_length=300, verbose_name=u"课程描述")
        detail = UEditorField(verbose_name=u"课程详情",width=600, height=300, imagePath="courses/ueditor/",filePath="courses/ueditor/", default='')
        is_banner = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name=u"是否轮播")
        degree = models.CharField(verbose_name=u"难度", choices=(("cj","初级"), ("zj","中级"), ("gj","高级")), max_length=2)
        learn_times = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"学习时长(分钟数)")
        students = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'学习人数')
        fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u'收藏人数')
        image = models.ImageField(upload_to="courses/%Y/%m", verbose_name=u"封面图", max_length=100)
        click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"点击数")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"课程"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
        def __unicode__(self):
            return self.name

*  Lesson 章节

class Lesson(models.Model):
        course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u"课程")
        name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name=u"章节名")
        learn_times = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"学习时长(分钟数)")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"章节"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
        def __unicode__(self):
            return self.name

*  Video 视频

class Video(models.Model):
        lesson = models.ForeignKey(Lesson, verbose_name=u"章节")
        name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name=u"视频名")
        learn_times = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"学习时长(分钟数)")
        url = models.CharField(max_length=200, default="", verbose_name=u"访问地址")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"视频"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
        def __unicode__(self):
            return self.name

*  CourseResource 课程资源

class CourseResource(models.Model):
        course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u"课程")
        name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name=u"名称")
        download = models.FileField(upload_to="course/resource/%Y/%m", verbose_name=u"资源文件", max_length=100)
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"课程资源"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

### organization的设计 ###

python manage.py startapp  organization

*  观察界面

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 6]

*  models设计

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 7]

*  城市信息 和 课程机构信息

class CityDict(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name=u"城市")
        desc = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name=u"描述")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"城市"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
        def __unicode__(self):
            return self.name
    
    
    
    class CourseOrg(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"机构名称")
        desc = UEditorField(verbose_name=u"机构描述",width=900, height=300, imagePath="org/ueditor/",
                                             filePath="org/ueditor/", default='')
        tag = models.CharField(default="全国知名", max_length=10, verbose_name=u"机构标签")
        category = models.CharField(default="pxjg", verbose_name=u"机构类别", max_length=20, choices=(("pxjg","培训机构"),("gr","个人"),("gx","高校")))
        click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"点击数")
        fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"收藏数")
        image = models.ImageField(upload_to="org/%Y/%m", verbose_name=u"logo", max_length=100)
        address = models.CharField(max_length=150, verbose_name=u"机构地址")
        city = models.ForeignKey(CityDict, verbose_name=u"所在城市")
        students = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"学习人数")
        course_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"课程数")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"课程机构"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

*  讲师

class Teacher(models.Model):
        org = models.ForeignKey(CourseOrg, verbose_name=u"所属机构")
        name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"教师名")
        work_years = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"工作年限")
        work_company = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"就职公司")
        work_position = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"公司职位")
        points = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"教学特点")
        click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"点击数")
        fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"收藏数")
        age = models.IntegerField(default=18, verbose_name=u"年龄")
        image = models.ImageField(default='', upload_to="teacher/%Y/%m", verbose_name=u"头像", max_length=100)
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now)
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"教师"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
        def __unicode__(self):
            return self.name
    
        def get_course_nums(self):
            return self.course_set.all().count()

### 用户操作operation的model设计 ###

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 8]

*  代码

# _*_ encoding:utf-8 _*_
    from __future__ import unicode_literals
    
    from datetime import datetime
    
    from django.db import models
    
    from users.models import UserProfile
    from courses.models import Course
    
    
    class UserAsk(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name=u"姓名")
        mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, verbose_name=u"手机")
        course_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name=u"课程名")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"用户咨询"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
    
    class CourseComments(models.Model):
        "课程评论"
        user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u"用户")
        course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u"课程")
        comments = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name=u"评论")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"课程评论"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
    
    class UserFavorite(models.Model):
        user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u"用户")
        fav_id = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"数据id")
        fav_type = models.IntegerField(choices=((1,"课程"),(2,"课程机构"),(3,"讲师")), default=1, verbose_name=u"收藏类型")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"用户收藏"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
    
    class UserMessage(models.Model):
        user = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name=u"接收用户")
        message = models.CharField(max_length=500, verbose_name=u"消息内容")
        has_read = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name=u"是否已读")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"用户消息"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    
    
    class UserCourse(models.Model):
        user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, verbose_name=u"用户")
        course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name=u"课程")
        add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")
    
        class Meta:
            verbose_name = u"用户课程"
            verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

*  将所有的app都移动到apps目录下，其他地方和索引不要改变，此时需要在settings下配置apps的路径

import sys
    
    sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'apps'))

### 总结本章主要内容 ###

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 9]

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 10]

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 11]

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 12]

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 13]

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast 14]

[django_xadmin]: http://coding.imooc.com/class/78.html
[SouthEast]: /images/20220615/b299af64edfc46f3963f4ea34771e28a.png
[http_www.lfd.uci.edu_gohlke_pythonlibs]: http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/
[SouthEast 1]: /images/20220615/bac7b9cd72484cf1862bfbfeec023468.png
[SouthEast 2]: /images/20220615/e68fd6a4be4d42a09e97ad4be0b51e21.png
[SouthEast 3]: /images/20220615/2dc1ac0328014577ab27a6d846bc6207.png
[SouthEast 4]: /images/20220615/2afb4a55ef4a40469ed00b43bc421091.png
[SouthEast 5]: /images/20220615/74922697958046059aab4180847a261a.png
[https_my.oschina.net_u_1433482_blog_464444_p_1]: https://my.oschina.net/u/1433482/blog/464444?p=1
[https_www.python.org_dev_peps_pep-0008]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
[SouthEast 6]: /images/20220615/d9eba272b40c4863ac47d4d789135d96.png
[SouthEast 7]: /images/20220615/d5be21f6fcd244f187b7e0e858347ead.png
[SouthEast 8]: /images/20220615/9c2664ddc90948f28638c41b4462622b.png
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[SouthEast 10]: /images/20220615/c39a5088faff480cb2368398ff76586c.png
[SouthEast 11]: /images/20220615/aed87393361341658d9fc684de1e9053.png
[SouthEast 12]: /images/20220615/475e49134011497b9dd83f7c69e1a312.png
[SouthEast 13]: /images/20220615/a59ce26b2d64493e955776bf1df78056.png
[SouthEast 14]: /images/20220615/f497e9c97c6d461f89dc3385a2e85fe4.png