容器编排之Kubernetes网络隔离NetworkPolicy

妖狐艹你老母 2022-06-13 09:37 263阅读 0赞

Kubernetes的一个重要特性就是要把不同node节点的pod（container）连接起来，无视物理节点的限制。但是在某些应用环境中，比如公有云，不同租户的pod不应该互通，这个时候就需要网络隔离。幸好，Kubernetes提供了NetworkPolicy，支持按Namespace级别的网络隔离，这篇文章就带你去了解如何使用NetworkPolicy。

需要注意的是，使用NetworkPolicy需要特定的网络解决方案，如果不启用，即使配置了NetworkPolicy也无济于事。我们这里使用Calico解决网络隔离问题。

## 互通测试 ##

在使用NetworkPolicy之前，我们先验证不使用的情况下，pod是否互通。这里我们的测试环境是这样的：

Namespace：ns-calico1，ns-calico2

Deployment: ns-calico1/calico1-nginx, ns-calico2/busybox

Service: ns-calico1/calico1-nginx

先创建Namespace：

apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: ns-calico1 labels: user: calico1 --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: ns-calico2

# kubectl create -f namespace.yaml namespace "ns-calico1" created namespace "ns-calico2" created # kubectl get ns NAME STATUS AGE default Active 9d kube-public Active 9d kube-system Active 9d ns-calico1 Active 12s ns-calico2 Active 8s

接着创建ns-calico1/calico1-nginx：

apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: calico1-nginx namespace: ns-calico1 spec: replicas: 1 template: metadata: labels: user: calico1 app: nginx spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx ports: - containerPort: 80 --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: calico1-nginx namespace: ns-calico1 labels: user: calico1 spec: selector: app: nginx ports: - port: 80

# kubectl create -f calico1-nginx.yaml deployment "calico1-nginx" created service "calico1-nginx" created # kubectl get svc -n ns-calico1 NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE calico1-nginx 192.168.3.141 <none> 80/TCP 26s # kubectl get deploy -n ns-calico1 NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE calico1-nginx 1 1 1 1 34s

最后创建ns-calico2/calico2-busybox:

apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: calico2-busybox namespace: ns-calico2 spec: containers: - name: busybox image: busybox command: - sleep - "3600"

# kubectl create -f calico2-busybox.yaml pod "calico2-busybox" created # kubectl get pod -n ns-calico2 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE calico2-busybox 1/1 Running 0 40s

测试服务已经安装完成，现在我们登进calico2-busybox里，看是否能够连通calico1-nginx

# kubectl exec -it calico2-busybox -n ns-calico2 -- wget --spider --timeout=1 calico1-nginx.ns-calico1 Connecting to calico1-nginx.ns-calico1 (192.168.3.141:80)

由此可以看出，在没有设置网络隔离的时候，两个不同Namespace下的Pod是可以互通的。接下来我们使用Calico进行网络隔离。

## 网络隔离 ##

先决条件

要想在Kubernetes集群中使用Calico进行网络隔离，必须满足以下条件：

1.  kube-apiserver必须开启运行时extensions/v1beta1/networkpolicies，即设置启动参数：–runtime-config=extensions/v1beta1/networkpolicies=true
2.  kubelet必须启用cni网络插件，即设置启动参数：–network-plugin=cni
3.  kube-proxy必须启用iptables代理模式，这是默认模式，可以不用设置
4.  kube-proxy不得启用–masquerade-all，这会跟calico冲突

> 注意：配置Calico之后，之前在集群中运行的Pod都要重新启动

安装calico

首先需要安装Calico网络插件，我们直接在Kubernetes集群中安装，便于管理。

# Calico Version v2.1.4 # http://docs.projectcalico.org/v2.1/releases#v2.1.4 # This manifest includes the following component versions: # calico/node:v1.1.3 # calico/cni:v1.7.0 # calico/kube-policy-controller:v0.5.4 # This ConfigMap is used to configure a self-hosted Calico installation. kind: ConfigMap apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: calico-config namespace: kube-system data: # Configure this with the location of your etcd cluster. etcd_endpoints: "https://10.1.2.154:2379,https://10.1.2.147:2379" # Configure the Calico backend to use. calico_backend: "bird" # The CNI network configuration to install on each node. cni_network_config: |- { "name": "k8s-pod-network", "type": "calico", "etcd_endpoints": "__ETCD_ENDPOINTS__", "etcd_key_file": "__ETCD_KEY_FILE__", "etcd_cert_file": "__ETCD_CERT_FILE__", "etcd_ca_cert_file": "__ETCD_CA_CERT_FILE__", "log_level": "info", "ipam": { "type": "calico-ipam" }, "policy": { "type": "k8s", "k8s_api_root": "https://__KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST__:__KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT__", "k8s_auth_token": "__SERVICEACCOUNT_TOKEN__" }, "kubernetes": { "kubeconfig": "__KUBECONFIG_FILEPATH__" } } # If you're using TLS enabled etcd uncomment the following. # You must also populate the Secret below with these files. etcd_ca: "/calico-secrets/etcd-ca" # "/calico-secrets/etcd-ca" etcd_cert: "/calico-secrets/etcd-cert" # "/calico-secrets/etcd-cert" etcd_key: "/calico-secrets/etcd-key" # "/calico-secrets/etcd-key" --- # The following contains k8s Secrets for use with a TLS enabled etcd cluster. # For information on populating Secrets, see http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/secrets/ apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret type: Opaque metadata: name: calico-etcd-secrets namespace: kube-system data: # Populate the following files with etcd TLS configuration if desired, but leave blank if # not using TLS for etcd. # This self-hosted install expects three files with the following names. The values # should be base64 encoded strings of the entire contents of each file. etcd-key: base64 key.pem etcd-cert: base64 cert.pem etcd-ca: base64 ca.pem --- # This manifest installs the calico/node container, as well # as the Calico CNI plugins and network config on # each master and worker node in a Kubernetes cluster. apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind: DaemonSet metadata: name: calico-node namespace: kube-system labels: k8s-app: calico-node spec: selector: matchLabels: k8s-app: calico-node template: metadata: labels: k8s-app: calico-node annotations: scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod: '' scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/tolerations: | [{ "key": "dedicated", "value": "master", "effect": "NoSchedule" }, { "key":"CriticalAddonsOnly", "operator":"Exists"}] spec: hostNetwork: true containers: # Runs calico/node container on each Kubernetes node. This # container programs network policy and routes on each # host. - name: calico-node image: quay.io/calico/node:v1.1.3 env: # The location of the Calico etcd cluster. - name: ETCD_ENDPOINTS valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_endpoints # Choose the backend to use. - name: CALICO_NETWORKING_BACKEND valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: calico_backend # Disable file logging so `kubectl logs` works. - name: CALICO_DISABLE_FILE_LOGGING value: "true" # Set Felix endpoint to host default action to ACCEPT. - name: FELIX_DEFAULTENDPOINTTOHOSTACTION value: "ACCEPT" # Configure the IP Pool from which Pod IPs will be chosen. - name: CALICO_IPV4POOL_CIDR value: "192.168.0.0/16" - name: CALICO_IPV4POOL_IPIP value: "always" # Disable IPv6 on Kubernetes. - name: FELIX_IPV6SUPPORT value: "false" # Set Felix logging to "info" - name: FELIX_LOGSEVERITYSCREEN value: "info" # Location of the CA certificate for etcd. - name: ETCD_CA_CERT_FILE valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_ca # Location of the client key for etcd. - name: ETCD_KEY_FILE valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_key # Location of the client certificate for etcd. - name: ETCD_CERT_FILE valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_cert # Auto-detect the BGP IP address. - name: IP value: "" securityContext: privileged: true #resources: #requests: #cpu: 250m volumeMounts: - mountPath: /lib/modules name: lib-modules readOnly: true - mountPath: /var/run/calico name: var-run-calico readOnly: false - mountPath: /calico-secrets name: etcd-certs # This container installs the Calico CNI binaries # and CNI network config file on each node. - name: install-cni image: quay.io/calico/cni:v1.7.0 command: ["/install-cni.sh"] env: # The location of the Calico etcd cluster. - name: ETCD_ENDPOINTS valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_endpoints # The CNI network config to install on each node. - name: CNI_NETWORK_CONFIG valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: cni_network_config volumeMounts: - mountPath: /host/opt/cni/bin name: cni-bin-dir - mountPath: /host/etc/cni/net.d name: cni-net-dir - mountPath: /calico-secrets name: etcd-certs volumes: # Used by calico/node. - name: lib-modules hostPath: path: /lib/modules - name: var-run-calico hostPath: path: /var/run/calico # Used to install CNI. - name: cni-bin-dir hostPath: path: /opt/cni/bin - name: cni-net-dir hostPath: path: /etc/cni/net.d # Mount in the etcd TLS secrets. - name: etcd-certs secret: secretName: calico-etcd-secrets --- # This manifest deploys the Calico policy controller on Kubernetes. # See https://github.com/projectcalico/k8s-policy apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: calico-policy-controller namespace: kube-system labels: k8s-app: calico-policy annotations: scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod: '' scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/tolerations: | [{ "key": "dedicated", "value": "master", "effect": "NoSchedule" }, { "key":"CriticalAddonsOnly", "operator":"Exists"}] spec: # The policy controller can only have a single active instance. replicas: 1 strategy: type: Recreate template: metadata: name: calico-policy-controller namespace: kube-system labels: k8s-app: calico-policy spec: # The policy controller must run in the host network namespace so that # it isn't governed by policy that would prevent it from working. hostNetwork: true containers: - name: calico-policy-controller image: quay.io/calico/kube-policy-controller:v0.5.4 env: # The location of the Calico etcd cluster. - name: ETCD_ENDPOINTS valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_endpoints # Location of the CA certificate for etcd. - name: ETCD_CA_CERT_FILE valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_ca # Location of the client key for etcd. - name: ETCD_KEY_FILE valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_key # Location of the client certificate for etcd. - name: ETCD_CERT_FILE valueFrom: configMapKeyRef: name: calico-config key: etcd_cert # The location of the Kubernetes API. Use the default Kubernetes # service for API access. - name: K8S_API value: "https://kubernetes.default:443" # Since we're running in the host namespace and might not have KubeDNS # access, configure the container's /etc/hosts to resolve # kubernetes.default to the correct service clusterIP. - name: CONFIGURE_ETC_HOSTS value: "true" volumeMounts: # Mount in the etcd TLS secrets. - mountPath: /calico-secrets name: etcd-certs volumes: # Mount in the etcd TLS secrets. - name: etcd-certs secret: secretName: calico-etcd-secrets

# kubectl create -f calico.yaml configmap "calico-config" created secret "calico-etcd-secrets" created daemonset "calico-node" created deployment "calico-policy-controller" created # kubectl get ds -n kube-system NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE NODE-SELECTOR AGE calico-node 1 1 1 1 1 <none> 52s # kubectl get deploy -n kube-system NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE calico-policy-controller 1 1 1 1 6m

这样就搭建了Calico网络，接下来就可以配置NetworkPolicy了。

配置NetworkPolicy

首先，修改ns-calico1的配置：

apiVersion: v1 kind: Namespace metadata: name: ns-calico1 labels: user: calico1 annotations: net.beta.kubernetes.io/network-policy: | { "ingress": { "isolation": "DefaultDeny" } }

# kubectl apply -f ns-calico1.yaml namespace "ns-calico1" configured

如果这个时候再测试两个pod是否连通，一定会不通：

# kubectl exec -it calico2-busybox -n ns-calico2 -- wget --spider --timeout=1 calico1-nginx.ns-calico1 Connecting to calico1-nginx.ns-calico1 (192.168.3.71:80) wget: download timed out

这就是我们想要的效果，不同Namespace之间的pod不能互通，当然这只是最简单的情况，如果这时候ns-calico1的pod去连接ns-calico2的pod，还是互通的。因为ns-calico2没有设置Namespace annotations。

而且，这时候的ns-calico1会拒绝任何pod的通讯请求。因为，Namespace的annotations只是指定了拒绝所有的通讯请求，还未规定何时接受其他pod的通讯请求。在这里，我们指定只有拥有user=calico1标签的pod可以互联。

apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind: NetworkPolicy metadata: name: calico1-network-policy namespace: ns-calico1 spec: podSelector: matchLabels: user: calico1 ingress: - from: - namespaceSelector: matchLabels: user: calico1 - podSelector: matchLabels: user: calico1 --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: calico1-busybox namespace: ns-calico1 labels: user: calico1 spec: containers: - name: busybox image: busybox command: - sleep - "3600"

# kubectl create -f calico1-network-policy.yaml networkpolicy "calico1-network-policy" created # kubectl create -f calico1-busybox.yaml pod "calico1-busybox" created

这时候，如果我通过calico1-busybox连接calico1-nginx，则可以连通。

# kubectl exec -it calico1-busybox -n ns-calico1 -- wget --spider --timeout=1 calico1-nginx.ns-calico1 Connecting to calico1-nginx.ns-calico1 (192.168.3.71:80)

这样我们就实现了Kubernetes的网络隔离。基于NetworkPolicy，可以实现公有云安全组策略。更多的NetworkPolicy参数，请参考 [api-reference][]。

参考资料：

1.  [Network Policies][]
2.  [Declaring Network Policy][]
3.  [Using Calico for NetworkPolicy][]

1.  [Calico for Kubernetes][]

本文：[容器编排之Kubernetes网络隔离NetworkPolicy][Kubernetes_NetworkPolicy]

[api-reference]: http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//kubernetes.io/docs/api-reference/extensions/v1beta1/definitions/%23_v1beta1_networkpolicy
[Network Policies]: http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/networkpolicies/%23configuring-namespace-isolation-policy
[Declaring Network Policy]: http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/declare-network-policy/
[Using Calico for NetworkPolicy]: http://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/calico-network-policy/
[Calico for Kubernetes]: http://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//docs.projectcalico.org/v2.1/getting-started/kubernetes/
[Kubernetes_NetworkPolicy]: https://www.kubernetes.org.cn/1909.html