jenkins介绍部署及三种构建方式配置

曾经终败给现在 2022-06-06 07:07 167阅读 0赞

## 1.前言 ##

### 1.1.jenkins介绍 ###

jenkins是基于java开发的一种持续集成工具，用于监控持续重复的工作，功能包括。

1、持续的软件版本发布/测试

2、监控外部调用执行项目

Jenkins其实很早之前就有了，最近火起来的原因是，大家都在关注devops，关注如何来做持续集成，持续交付，如何来做CI/CD。Jenkins作为持续集成的工具，他其实只是一个平台或者是一个大的框架，它的工作完全就是依靠插件，也就是说你想使用什么功能，你就找到什么样的插件。

### 1.2.jenkins好处 ###

1、我在工作中部署jenkins的最大好处就是`每次在开发、测试环境代码，都无须运维部署`，而是相关的开发人员，测试人员登录jenkins传入需要部署的tag即可，整个部署过程无须运维参与，解放运维劳动力。

2、安卓，IOS自动打包：虽然打包和运维关系不大，但是运维实现自动打包，使得产品同学，运营和测试同学可以`每日验证产品开发进度以及及时反馈开发功能的方向是否正确`，对公司贡献还是不小的。

### 1.3.我的jenkins实践 ###

由于我们在使用jenkins之前，有自动化部署的shell脚本和上线流程，使用jenkins也就是让开发，测试人员可以通过一个web界面来执行脚本，实现部署。

我们公司一个产品线有四个环境，开发环境，测试环境，预上线环境，生产环境。除了生产环境之外都是通过jenkins来部署代码。

我们在生产实践中，jenkins使用到了下面三种部署方式：

jenkins触发式构建：用于开发环境部署，开发人员push代码或者合并代码到gitlab项目的master分支，jenkins就部署代码到对应服务器。

jenkins参数化构建：用于测试环境预上线环境部署，开发push代码或者合并代码到gitlab项目的master分支之后，并不会部署代码，而是需要登录到jenkins的web界面，点击构建按钮，传入对应的参数（比如参数需要构建的tag，需要部署的分支）然后才会部署。

jenkins定时构建：用于APP自动打包，定时构建是在参数化构建的基础上添加的，开发人员可以登录jenkins手动传入tag进行打包，如果不手动打包，那么jenkins就每天凌晨从gitlab拉取最新的APP代码打包。

> 补充一下：jenkins不光可以用来部署代码，还可以这么玩（虽然我没有这么干过，但是你有兴趣可以试试）：
> 
> 1、各种服务的备份也可以放到jenkins上面，每天使用jenkins定时备份，还可以在jenkins看每天备份的输出信息。
> 
> 2、各种开发需要找你的工作，比如同步生产数据库到开发环境，这个也可以放到jenkins上面，开发每次需要同步，就登录jenkins找到数据库同步的job，点击构建，就自动同步了。

### 1.4.jenkins使用前提 ###

（1）得到领导的支持，我在公司推动jenkins部署APP自动打包，可以说是前段，后端，移动端，测试，产品等人员都需要沟通，这种情况下得到领导的支持在推动好处还是大大的。

（2）你们公司的代码需要一个分支管理规范，代码没有一个好的分支管理规范，自动部署是玩不了的。可以参考[Git 分支管理最佳实践][Git]看看那种方式适合你们公司。

（3）使用jenkins之前，你需要有通过shell实现自动化部署代码的成功经验。

（4）持续集成最好有自动化测试，没有也行，但是最好让开发人员提供一些api的监控脚本，每次构建之后验证部署是否正常。

## 2.jenkins部署 ##

### 2.1.下面内容介绍 ###

（1）jenkins的安装配置

（2）jenkins插件自动/手动安装

（3）jenkins触发式构建配置

（4）jenkins参数化构建配置

（5）jenkins定时构建配置

（6）jenkins用户权限配置

### 2.2.环境介绍 ###

操作系统：Centos 7.2

jenkins版本：2.33

gitlab版本：8.13.6

两台服务器：

192.168.100.10：jenkins Server

192.168.100.11 ：gitlab Server

### 2.3.jenkins安装 ###

（1）jenkins是java编写的，所以需要先安装jdk，这里使用yum安装。

jenkins还需要从gitlab拉取代码，所以我们需要安装git命令行客户端

（2）安装jenkins

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     </div> 
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     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

（3）访问jenkins  
在浏览器打开输入http://IP:8080/访问jenkins。  
  
为了安全考虑，需要解锁jenkins，把/var/lib/jenkins/secrets/initialAdminPassword文件内容复制到administrator password下方即可。

（4）选择安装的插件：只需要安装gitlab plugin，git plugin，还有ssh plugin插件即可，其他插件无须安装。

gitlab 和 git插件：我们的代码都放在gitlab上面，这两个插件用来做源码管理。

ssh插件：需要使用jenkins来执行shell命令。

创建admin用户：按照提示填写即可

密码创建完成之后就可以登录jenkins了。

## 3.插件安装 ##

如果在安装jenkins的时候没有安装相关插件，可以按照如下方式安装（已经安装，则不需要）

1、安装gitlab插件，直接在系统管理>插件管理中搜索gitlab相关插件安装即可。

2、shell插件：还是刚才的位置搜索ssh 选择ssh plugin插件安装即可。

### 3.1.手动下载jenkins插件 ###

插件下载地址：http://updates.jenkins-ci.org/download/plugins/

如果有插件一直安装失败的情况，可以从jenkins官网下载插件，然后导入到jenkins。

示例：我从官方下载gitlab-plugin插件到本地，然后导入到jenkins中。

在jenkins插件管理->高级选择上传插件进行安装。

## 4.Jenkins密钥配置 ##

（1）jenkins生成密钥对  
设置jenkins的shell终端为/bin/bash

登录到jenkins用户生成密钥

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      1 
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      2 
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    <div style="margin:0px!important; padding:0px 0.5em!important; background:none rgb(244,244,244)!important; border-width:0px 2px 0px 0px!important; border-top-style:initial!important; border-right-style:solid!important; border-bottom-style:initial!important; border-left-style:initial!important; border-top-color:initial!important; border-right-color:rgb(108,226,108)!important; border-bottom-color:initial!important; border-left-color:initial!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; text-align:right!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important">
      3 
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      4 
    </div> </td> 
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     <div style="margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; background:none rgb(244,244,244)!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">[root@node1 ~]</code> 
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      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(255,20,147)!important">ssh</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">-keygen -t rsa</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; background:none rgb(244,244,244)!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
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      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">.</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(255,20,147)!important">ssh</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">/id_rsa</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">.pub</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; min-height:auto!important"> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important; color:rgb(255,20,147)!important">ssh</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQCwIdUk3+V8aL2</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">/oMfvwCxp5AiyctL4bnYFnsKOcQz8w/MuAehy9/EEeT0HNQCSs0NQ3veFurWlKUB4tntNA7bMcZS/UWBSXh2uAJQCMcXbIWfdngaQwVVP</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">+s5WvDbtL5Jk6mQch22aIIw4JaJh4L8dl1oyviwoBgOnscXVC</code> 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">/kDWgFM4BrHC4QNyzt6PdtuzX3RkMa4w7bqDvUWMqIyRBScW1fbfJeAwAK1tCQ7ZjfAoTcWpmoBlurH1P6SuWR3rYIPyhGDqjPQnlohqSX/vCrLWoHoYazETHfW2azzzBSGqMeCw3hlbSV/12kRQv0kGfnbhmnHZ1CBgX23N3ktqtzL</code>&nbsp; 
      <code style="white-space:pre-wrap; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; background:none!important; border:0px!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; line-height:1.8em!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; width:auto!important; font-family:Consolas,&quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&quot;,&quot;Courier New&quot;,Courier,monospace!important; min-height:auto!important">jenkins@node1.fblinux.com</code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

把这个密钥添加到gitlab还有jenkins服务器的root用户

> 为什么把jenkins公钥添加到root用户？  
> 因为jenkins执行部署操作，会出现很多权限问题，一个一个解决比较麻烦（而且不同项目权限问题都不同），就算sudo授权也是需要授予最少10几条命令的权限，而且不能保证以后不会出现新的命令，所以我直接让jenkins用户通过root方式执行部署操作，简单粗暴。

（1）添加公钥到gitlab服务器，用来clone代码  
  
添加完成之后从gitlab服务器clone下自己的工程，会在.ssh/known\_hosts添加gitlab服务器记录

（2）添加公钥到jenkins服务器root用户，用来执行部署脚本

## 5.jenkins触发式构建 ##

（1）准备一个测试脚本，看开发如何提交代码就执行这个构建操作。

注意：如果是生产配置，直接把这个脚本换成对应项目的上线脚本即可，jenkins配置无须修改。

（2）创建一个触发构建的项目，选择自由软件风格即可

（3）源码管理选择git，然后只需要在repository url中输入git仓库地址即可。

（4）构建，选择execute shell，执行部署脚本即可

（5）触发器配置：即gitlab有提交操作，则自动部署，这里只需要设置一个认证的token即可，gitlab调用触发器，需要使用 JENKINS\_URL/job/new\_cms/build?token=TOKEN\_NAME即可

（6）在系统管理–>用户管理–>查看用户id和token，需要把用户id和API Token加入触发器中，做用户验证

根据触发器验证令牌和用户id+token会生成一个下面的url，只需要访问这个URL地址jenkins就会自动部署对应项目的代码。

（7）gitlab配置webhooks，每次提交代码就访问这个url，执行构建