Java并发编程之CAS

不念不忘少年蓝@ 2022-05-28 23:35 286阅读 0赞

### Java并发编程之CAS ###

[原文地址][Link 1]：作者： [Jakob Jenkov][]   译者：张坤

CAS（Compare and swap）比较和替换是设计并发算法时用到的一种技术。简单来说，比较和替换是使用一个期望值和一个变量的当前值进行比较，如果当前变量的值与我们期望的值相等，就使用一个新值替换当前变量的值。这听起来可能有一点复杂但是实际上你理解之后发现很简单，接下来，让我们跟深入的了解一下这项技术。

## CAS的使用场景 ##

在程序和算法中一个经常出现的模式就是“check and act”模式。先检查后操作模式发生在代码中首先检查一个变量的值，然后再基于这个值做一些操作。下面是一个简单的示例：

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   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">03</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">private</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">boolean</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">locked =&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">false</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">;</code></td> 
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   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">05</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">public</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">boolean</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">lock() { </code></td> 
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<table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;width:auto;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
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   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">07</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">locked =&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">true</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">;</code></td> 
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<table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;width:auto;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-top:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">08</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">return</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">true</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">;</code></td> 
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 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
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   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">10</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">return</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">false</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">;</code></td> 
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上面这段代码，如果用在多线程的程序会出现很多错误，不过现在请忘掉它。

如你所见，lock()方法首先检查locked>成员变量是否等于false，如果等于，就将locked设为true。

如果同个线程访问同一个MyLock实例，上面的lock()将不能保证正常工作。如果一个线程检查locked的值，然后将其设置为false，与此同时，一个线程B也在检查locked的值，又或者，在线程A将locked的值设为false之前。因此，线程A和线程B可能都看到locked的值为false，然后两者都基于这个信息做一些操作。

为了在一个多线程程序中良好的工作，”check then act” 操作必须是原子的。原子就是说”check“操作和”act“被当做一个原子代码块执行。不存在多个线程同时执行原子块。

下面是一个代码示例，把之前的lock()方法用synchronized关键字重构成一个原子块。

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   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">05</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">public</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">synchronized</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">boolean</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">lock() { </code></td> 
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   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">07</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">locked =&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">true</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">;</code></td> 
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  <tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-top:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">08</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">return</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">true</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">;</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;width:auto;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-top:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">10</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">return</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">false</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">;</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

现在lock()方法是同步的，所以，在某一时刻只能有一个线程在同一个MyLock实例上执行它。

原子的lock方法实际上是一个”compare and swap“的例子。

## CAS用作原子操作 ##

现在CPU内部已经执行原子的CAS操作。Java5以来，你可以使用java.util.concurrent.atomic包中的一些原子类来使用CPU中的这些功能。

下面是一个使用AtomicBoolean类实现lock()方法的例子：

<table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;width:auto;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-top:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">1</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">public</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">static</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">class</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">MyLock { </code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;width:auto;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-top:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">2</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">private</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">AtomicBoolean locked =&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">new</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">AtomicBoolean(</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">false</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">);</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;width:auto;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-top:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">4</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">public</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">boolean</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">lock() { </code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;width:auto;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border-top:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-size:1em;"> 
   <td style="border-width:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;background-image:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:3em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(120,120,120);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px .3em 0px 0px;border:0px;background:none;text-align:right;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:2.7em;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">5</code></td> 
   <td style="border-top:0px;border-right:0px;border-bottom:0px;border-left-color:rgb(212,208,200);padding:0px 0px 0px .5em;margin:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:top;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);"><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">return</code>&nbsp;<code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">locked.compareAndSet(</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">false</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">,&nbsp;</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:1em;color:rgb(127,0,85);">true</code><code style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;background:none;float:none;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto;width:auto;line-height:1.1em;font-family:Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;font-size:1em;color:rgb(0,0,0);">);</code></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

locked变量不再是boolean类型而是AtomicBoolean。这个类中有一个compareAndSet()方法，它使用一个期望值和AtomicBoolean实例的值比较，和两者相等，则使用一个新值替换原来的值。在这个例子中，它比较locked的值和false，如果locked的值为false，则把修改为true。  
如果值被替换了，compareAndSet()返回true，否则，返回false。

使用Java5+提供的CAS特性而不是使用自己实现的的好处是Java5+中内置的CAS特性可以让你利用底层的你的程序所运行机器的CPU的CAS特性。这会使还有CAS的代码运行更快。

**原创文章，转载请注明：** 转载自[并发编程网 – ifeve.com][_ ifeve.com]**本文链接地址:** [Java并发编程之CAS][Java_CAS]

作者：踏雪行  
链接：https://www.zhihu.com/question/31990408/answer/106725626  
来源：知乎  
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权，非商业转载请注明出处。

在多线程编程中，我们最常用的是synchronized，而对volatile的使用，却相对较少。这一方面是因为volatile的使用场景限制，另一方面是volatile使用需要更高的技术水平。

我们先来看一幅java内存模型图：

\&lt;img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/50/a76bd12e6f6971a764cc432ad76296a4\_hd.jpg" data-rawwidth="501" data-rawheight="202" class="origin\_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="501" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/a76bd12e6f6971a764cc432ad76296a4\_r.jpg"\&gt; ![a76bd12e6f6971a764cc432ad76296a4_hd.jpg][]

每一个线程都有相应的工作内存，工作内存中有一份主内存变量的副本，线程对变量的操作都在工作内存中进行（避免再次访问主内存，提高性能），不同线程不能访问彼此的工作内存，而通过将操作后的值刷新到主内存来进行彼此的交互，这就会带来一个变量值对其他线程的可见性问题。当一个任务在工作内存中变量值进行改变，其他任务对此是不可见的，导致每一个线程都有一份不同的变量副本。而volatile恰恰可以解决这个可见性的问题，当变量被volatile修饰，如private volatile int stateFlag = 0; 它将直接通过主内存中被读取或者写入，线程从主内存中加载的值将是最新的。

但是volatile的使用有着严格的限制，当对变量的操作依赖于以前值（如i++）,或者其值被其他字段的值约束，这个时候volatile是无法实现线程安全的。被volatile修饰的变量必须独立于程序的其他状态。因为volatile只是保证了变量的可见性，并不能保证操作的原子性，所谓原子性，即有“不可分”的意思，如对基本数据类型(java中排除long和double)的赋值操作a=6,如返回操作return a，这些操作都不会被线程调度器中断，同一时刻只有一个线程对它进行操作。

看以下代码：

**publicclass** VolDemo \{

**privatestaticvolatileint***counter*;

**publicstaticvoid** incNum() \{

*counter*\++;

**publicstaticvoid** main(String\[\] args) \{

ExecutorService executor = Executors.*newCachedThreadPool*();

**for** (**int** i = 0; i < 1000; i++) \{

executor.execute(**new** Runnable() \{

@Override

**publicvoid** run() \{

VolDemo.*incNum*();

\});

executor.shutdown();

**try** \{

**if** (!executor.awaitTermination(1000, TimeUnit.***MILLISECONDS***)) \{

System.***out***.println("some task are not terminated");

\} **else** \{

System.***out***.println("result:" + *counter*);

\} **catch** (InterruptedException e) \{

// **TODO** Auto-generated catch block

e.printStackTrace();

多次运行结果：

result:998

result:988

result:995

......

预期结果应该是1000，尽管counter被volatile修饰，保证了可见性，但是counter++并不是一个原子性操作，它被拆分为读取和写入两部分操作，我们需要用synchronized修饰：

**publicstaticsynchronizedvoid** incNum() \{

*counter*\++;

此时每次运行结果都是1000，实现了线程安全。synchronized是一种独占锁，它对一段操作或内存进行加锁，当线程要操作被synchronized修饰的内存或操作时，必须首先获得锁才能进行后续操作；但是在同一时刻只能有一个线程获得相同的一把锁，所以它只允许一个线程进行操作。synchronized同样能够将变量最新值刷新到主内存，当一个变量只被synchronized方法操作时,是没有必要用volatile修饰的，所以我们接着把变量声明修改为：

**privatestaticint***counter*;

多次运行结果依旧是1000。

综上所述，由于volatile只能保证变量对多个线程的可见性，但不能保证原子性，它的同步机制是比较脆弱的，它在使用过程中有着诸多限制，对使用者也有更高的要求，相对而言，synchronized锁机制是比较安全的同步机制，有时候出于提高性能的考虑，可以利用volatile对synchronized进行代替和优化，但前提是你必须充分理解其使用场景和涵义。

[Link 1]: http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-concurrency/compare-and-swap.html%C2%A0
[Jakob Jenkov]: http://jakob.jenkov.com/
[_ ifeve.com]: http://ifeve.com/
[Java_CAS]: http://ifeve.com/compare-and-swap/
[a76bd12e6f6971a764cc432ad76296a4_hd.jpg]: /images/20220529/7fb6ee13bddc49b5884b4a683d6c2ad6.png