linux系统的文件系统管理

忘是亡心i 2022-04-23 01:38 272阅读 0赞

### 1.本地系统设备的识别 ###

fdisk -l		##真实存在的设备

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

cat /proc/partition	##系统识别的设备

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]

blkid			##系统可使用的设备

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]

df			##系统正在挂载的设备

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

### 2.设备的挂载和卸载 ###

#### 1.设备名称 ####

/dev/xdx	##/dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1
    /dev/sr0	##光驱
    /dev/mapper/*	##虚拟设备

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>硬件</th> 
   <th>设备文件名</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>IDE硬盘</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/hd[a-d]</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>SCSI/SATA/USB硬盘</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/sd[a-p]</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>U盘</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/sd[a-p]（与SATA相同）</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>软驱</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/fd[0-1]</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>打印机25针</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/lp[0-2] ；USB：/dev/usb/lp[0-15]</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>鼠标USB</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/usb/mouse[0-15] ；PS2：/dev/psaux</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>当前CD ROM/DVD ROM</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/cdrom</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>当前鼠标</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/mouse</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><strong>磁带机IDE</strong></td> 
   <td><strong>/dev/ht0 ；SCSI:/dev/st0</strong></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

#### 2.设备的挂载 ####

mount	设备	挂载点
    mount	/dev/sdb1 /mnt			##挂载/dev/sdb1到/mnt

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

umount  /dev/sdb1|/mnt			##卸载

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt		##只读挂载

![在这里插入图片描述][20190208151916187.png]

mount					##查看挂载信息

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1|/mnt	##重新读写挂载

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]

#### 3.解决设备正忙情况 ####

[root@tomcat-mh ~]# umount /mnt/
    umount: /mnt: target is busy.
            (In some cases useful info about processes that use
             the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
    [root@tomcat-mh ~]#

解决方法1

fuser -kvm /mnt/
    umount /mnt/

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]  
解决方法2

lsof /dev/sdb1
    kill -9 进程ID
    umount /mnt/

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]

### 3.磁盘分区 ###

#### 1.硬盘0磁盘1扇区的512个字节中记录的信息如下 ####

512=   446		+	   64	      +	      2
     ^             	       ^		          ^
    mbr（主引导记录）	    mpt（主分区表）        55aa（硬盘的有效性标识）

*注意：*  
硬盘分区表  
64字节  
1个分区占用16个字节  
1块硬盘上最多可以划分4个主分区

#### 2.分区步骤 ####

1.fdisk -l  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
2.fdisk /dev/vdb

[root@120 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.
    
    
    Command (m for help): m
    Command action
       a   toggle a bootable flag
       b   edit bsd disklabel
       c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
       d   delete a partition
       g   create a new empty GPT partition table
       G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
       l   list known partition types
       m   print this menu
       n   add a new partition
       o   create a new empty DOS partition table
       p   print the partition table
       q   quit without saving changes
       s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
       t   change a partition's system id
       u   change display/entry units
       v   verify the partition table
       w   write table to disk and exit
       x   extra functionality (experts only)
    
    Command (m for help):

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]  
建立主分区

[root@170 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.
    
    Command (m for help): n				##新建
    Partition type:
       p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
       e   extended
    Select (default p): p				##默认主分区
    Partition number (1-4, default 1): 		##ID默认
    First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): 	##分区起始
    Using default value 2048
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{ K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
    ##分区结束或分区指定大小 
    Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
    
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xd3d1072e
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   83  Linux
    
    Command (m for help): wq

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]

Command (m for help): n		##当系统已经有三个主分区时
    Partition type:
       p   primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
       e   extended
    Select (default e): e		##第四块分区默认扩展分区
    Selected partition 4
    First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448): 
    Using default value 616448
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{ K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519): 			##大小默认剩余全部 
    Using default value 20971519
    Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.7 GiB is set
    
    Command (m for help): p		##显示分区信息
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0xd3d1072e
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb2          206848      411647      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb3          411648      616447      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb4          616448    20971519    10177536    5  Extended
    
    Command (m for help): wq
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.
    [root@170 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.
    
    
    Command (m for help): n
    All primary partitions are in use
    Adding logical partition 5
    First sector (618496-20971519, default 618496): 
    Using default value 618496
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{ K,M,G} (618496-20971519, default 20971519): +500M
    Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set
    
    Command (m for help): n
    All primary partitions are in use
    Adding logical partition 6
    First sector (1644544-20971519, default 1644544): 
    Using default value 1644544
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{ K,M,G} (1644544-20971519, default 20971519): +500M
    Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set
    
    Command (m for help): wq
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.
    [root@170 ~]# fdisk -l
    
    Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vda1   *        2048    20970332    10484142+  83  Linux
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x1211e740
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb2          206848      411647      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb3          411648      616447      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb4          616448    20971519    10177536    5  Extended
    /dev/vdb5          618496     1642495      512000   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb6         1644544     2668543      512000   83  Linux
    [root@170 ~]#

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]

### 4.给设备安装文件系统 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>文件系统</th> 
   <th>支持系统版本</th> 
   <th>最大支持的文件系统</th> 
   <th>最大支持的文件</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>ext3</td> 
   <td>rhel5及以前的版本</td> 
   <td>2TB</td> 
   <td>16GB</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>ext4</td> 
   <td>rhel6</td> 
   <td>1EB</td> 
   <td>16TB</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>xfs</td> 
   <td>rhel7</td> 
   <td>18EB</td> 
   <td>9EB</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

XFS 能以接近裸设备I/O的性能存储数据。在单个文件系统的测试中，其吞吐量最高可达7GB每秒，对单个文件的读写操作，其吞吐量可达4GB每秒。

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1		##格式化，也就是给硬盘装文件系统
    mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190210155408576.png]  
设定系统启动硬盘自动挂载：

vim /etc/fstab
    设备				挂载点	文件系统		挂载参数		是否备份		是否检测
    /dev/vdb1       /mnt     xfs     	defaults       0 			0
    mount -a	##查看文件书写是否有错误

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190210155909268.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]  
这样这个新建立的文件系统在开机启动或者重启时就不需要手动挂载了，文件系统会自动挂载。

### 5.swap分区管理 ###

1）swap分区建立

##划分分区并设定分区标签为82
    Command (m for help): n
    All primary partitions are in use
    Adding logical partition 6
    First sector (825344-20971519, default 825344): 
    Using default value 825344
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{ K,M,G} (825344-20971519, default 20971519): 
    Using default value 20971519
    Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 9.6 GiB is set
    
    Command (m for help): t
    Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
    Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
    Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'

***例子：***

[root@170 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.
    
    
    Command (m for help): n
    All primary partitions are in use
    Adding logical partition 7
    First sector (2670592-20971519, default 2670592): 
    Using default value 2670592
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{ K,M,G} (2670592-20971519, default 20971519): +1G
    Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set
    
    Command (m for help): n
    All primary partitions are in use
    Adding logical partition 8
    First sector (4769792-20971519, default 4769792): 
    Using default value 4769792
    Last sector, +sectors or +size{ K,M,G} (4769792-20971519, default 20971519): +1G
    Partition 8 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set
    
    Command (m for help): t
    Partition number (1-8, default 8): 7
    Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
    Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
    
    Command (m for help): t
    Partition number (1-8, default 8): 8
    Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
    Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
    
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x1211e740
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb2          206848      411647      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb3          411648      616447      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb4          616448    20971519    10177536    5  Extended
    /dev/vdb5          618496     1642495      512000   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb6         1644544     2668543      512000   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb7         2670592     4767743     1048576   82  Linux swap / Solaris
    /dev/vdb8         4769792     6866943     1048576   82  Linux swap / Solaris
    
    Command (m for help): wq
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    
    WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
    The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
    the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
    Syncing disks.
    [root@170 ~]# partprobe 
    [root@170 ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb7
    mkswap: /dev/vdb7: warning: wiping old swap signature.
    Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
    no label, UUID=113ba5b4-293b-4374-8405-c88b86fb6cec
    [root@170 ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb8
    Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
    no label, UUID=b2e2517d-1574-4582-8d74-1aed3a582d50
    [root@170 ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb7
    [root@170 ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb8
    [root@170 ~]# swapon -s
    Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
    /dev/vdb7                              	partition	1048572	0	-1
    /dev/vdb8                              	partition	1048572	0	-2
    [root@170 ~]#

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]

mkswap	/dev/vdb6		##格式化swap分区
    swapon	-a /dev/vdb6	##设定swap分区
    swapon -s				##查看swap分区

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
***永久设定swap分区***

vim /etc/fstab
    /dev/vdb7       swap    swap    defaults        0 0
    mount -a

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]  
2)swap分区删除

vim /etc/fstab		##清空需要删除的swap分区信息
    swapoff /dev/vdb6	##取消swap分区vdb6
    swapon -s			##查看swap分区
    fdisk /dev/vdb		##删除vdb分区
    partprobe			##更新分区

***例子：***

[root@170 ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
    [root@170 ~]# cat /etc/fstab 
    
    #
    # /etc/fstab
    # Created by anaconda on Wed May 7 01:22:57 2014
    #
    # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
    # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
    #
    UUID=9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1 /                       xfs     defaults        1 1
    
    [root@170 ~]# swapon -s
    Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
    /dev/vdb7                              	partition	1048572	0	-1
    /dev/vdb8                              	partition	1048572	0	-2
    [root@170 ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb7
    [root@170 ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb8
    [root@170 ~]# swapon -s
    [root@170 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
    
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.
    
    
    Command (m for help): d
    Partition number (1-8, default 8): 8
    Partition 8 is deleted
    
    Command (m for help): d
    Partition number (1-7, default 7): 7
    Partition 7 is deleted
    
    Command (m for help): p
    
    Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
    Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk label type: dos
    Disk identifier: 0x1211e740
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/vdb1            2048      206847      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb2          206848      411647      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb3          411648      616447      102400   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb4          616448    20971519    10177536    5  Extended
    /dev/vdb5          618496     1642495      512000   83  Linux
    /dev/vdb6         1644544     2668543      512000   83  Linux
    
    Command (m for help): wq
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    
    WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
    The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
    the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
    Syncing disks.
    [root@170 ~]# partprobe 
    [root@170 ~]#

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNTcwMzY5_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]  
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### 6.配额 ###

首先建立一个共享目录

[root@170 /]# mkdir /pub

把挂载信息写入/etc/fstab 文件中，设置永久挂载。

vim /etc/fstab
    /dev/vdb7	/pub		xfs	defaults,usrquota	0	0

配额是针对分区的

mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb7 /pub	##挂载vd5时开启用户配额
    chmod 777 /pub						##设置共享目录权限
    edquota -u xiaoma /dev/vdb7			##给xiaoma用户在vdb7硬盘开启配额文件,文件里面的默认单位是kb。
    
    Disk quotas for user xiaoma (uid 1001):
      Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard
      /dev/vdb7                     20480          0      20480          1        0        0

![在这里插入图片描述][20190211004111754.png]

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>限制配额分区</th> 
   <th>总文件大小</th> 
   <th>额度软限</th> 
   <th>额度硬限</th> 
   <th>文件个数</th> 
   <th>文件个数软限</th> 
   <th>文件个数硬限</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>Filesystem</td> 
   <td>blocks</td> 
   <td>soft</td> 
   <td>hard</td> 
   <td>inodes</td> 
   <td>soft</td> 
   <td>hard</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

分析：所谓总文件大小就是这个用户在这个硬盘建立的所有文件实际大小，限制额度软线就是用户创建的文件大于这个设定值时会发出警告信息，额度硬线就是用户所能创建的文件最大大小。文件个数同理。  
***例子：***

dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/redhatfile bs=1M count=18 
    du -sh /pub/redhatfile 
    dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/redhatfile bs=1M count=25 
    du -sh /pub/redhatfile

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分析：用户写入硬盘的文件的总大小最多就是额度硬线的值。

### 7.磁盘加密 ###

***对硬盘进行加密，如果硬盘已经有文件系统会被覆盖和清除所有内容。***

cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb8		##加密

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cryptsetup open /dev/vdb8 xiaoma	##打开加密服务
    mkfs.xfs  /dev/mapper/xiaoma		##格式化文件系统

![在这里插入图片描述][20190211005418975.png]  
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mount /dev/mapper/xiaoma  /mnt/		##挂载设备
    touch /mnt/file{ 1..4}				##创建文件
    umount /mnt/						##卸载设备
    cryptsetup close xiaoma				##关闭加密服务

![在这里插入图片描述][2019021100592871.png]  
*分析：打开加密服务就会在/dev/mapper/提供一个可以挂载的接口，挂载后才可以正常的读写操作。使用后，卸载、关闭加密服务则会关闭这个接口。*

*有需求时*  
上面我们已经在打开、挂载后建立了四个文件。重新打开加密服务，挂载在其他位置，查看建立的文件。

cryptsetup open /dev/vdb8 xiaoma	##打开
    mount /dev/mapper/xiaoma  /mnt/		##挂载设备

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加密磁盘开机自动挂载

vim /etc/fstab
    /dev/mapper/xiaoma	/mnt	xfs	defaults	0 0
    
    vim /etc/crypttab
    xiaoma		/dev/vdb8		/root/xiaomakey
    
    vim /root/xiaomakey
    westos123
    
    cryptsetup	luksAddkey /dev/vdb8 /root/xiaomakey

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![在这里插入图片描述][2019021101122952.png]

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