Java 多线程(四) 锁与锁机制

约定不等于承诺〃 2022-03-02 07:50 323阅读 0赞

### 前言 ###

在[Java 多线程(二) Synchronized与Volatile关键字][Java _ Synchronized_Volatile]内我们介绍了`synchronized`关键字,以及与锁之间的关系.在本章中,我们将继续介绍这部分的内容

同时,我们可以解决在[Java 多线程(三) 线程通信][Java _]中提及的,无法唤醒某个特定线程的问题.(Condition类进行解决) 此外我们还将介绍读锁与写锁,以及它们的优势.

本章的主要内容如下所示:

*  ReentrantLock类的基本使用
 *  Condition类的基本使用
 *  公平锁与非公平锁
 *  ReentrantReadWriteLock类的基本使用

--------------------

### 正文 ###

##### ReentrantLock的基本使用 #####

在介绍synchronized关键字的时候,我们会说.在运行`synchronized`方法块内的方法可以获取到对象或类的锁, 在退出时释放锁. 其次在调用`wait()`与`join()`方法的时候都会释放锁, `sleep()`方法不会释放锁. 基于这些规则与原理, `JDK 1.5`之后,人们将锁的概念抽象出来,创建了`ReentrantLock类`.

`ReentrantLock类`的基本使用也是非常简单的. 与`synchronized关键字`一样,我们在运行时通过`lock()`方法进行锁定,通过`unlock()`方法进行释放. 基本实例如下所示:

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
    
    class ReentrantLockService{
    	private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    	public int i=0;
    	public void increase(){
    		lock.lock();
    		i++;
    		lock.unlock();
    	}
    }
    
    class ReentrantLockThread extends Thread{
    	public ReentrantLockService service;
    	public ReentrantLockThread(ReentrantLockService service){
    		this.service = service;
    	}
    	public void run(){
    		for(int i=0;i<1000;i++){
    			service.increase();
    		}
    	}
    }
    public class ReentrantLockThreadDemo {
    	public static void main(String []args){
    		ReentrantLockService service = new ReentrantLockService();
    		Thread threadA = new  ReentrantLockThread(service);
    		Thread threadB = new  ReentrantLockThread(service);
    		
    		threadA.start();
    		threadB.start();
    		
    		try {
    			Thread.sleep(1000);
    		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}
    		
    		System.out.println("i="+service.i);
    	}
    }
    // i=2000

当然,与`synchronized`关键字一样.对于`lock()`方法后的方法,我们采用同步执行.对于非`lock()`后的方法,我们仍然可以采用异步的措施进行执行.

##### 公平锁与非公平锁 #####

公平和非公平其实是`ReentrantLock类`的一个属性.公平指的是程序获取锁的顺序是按照线程加锁的顺序来分配的. 而非公平锁指的是抢占式的获取锁, 即随机获取.  
锁的公平与非公平的属性声明也非常的简单. 实例如下:

ReentrantLock fairLock = new ReentrantLock(true); //公平锁
    ReentrantLock unfairLock = new ReentrantLock(false); //非公平锁 默认声明的是非公平锁

对于公平锁与非公平锁的问题, 我们也举一个例子来实践这个问题.

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
    
    /**
     * 公平锁 与 非公平锁.
     * 
     * */
    class FairLockThread extends Thread{
    	private ReentrantLock lock;
    	public FairLockThread(ReentrantLock lock){
    		this.lock = lock;
    	}
    	
    	public void run(){
    		try{
    			lock.lock();
    			System.out.println("Thread: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis());
    		}finally{
    			lock.unlock();
    		}
    	}
    }
    
    public class FairReentrantLock {
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		ReentrantLock fairLock  = new ReentrantLock(true);
    		
    		Thread threadA = new FairLockThread(fairLock);
    		Thread threadB = new FairLockThread(fairLock);
    		Thread threadC = new FairLockThread(fairLock);
    		Thread threadD = new FairLockThread(fairLock);
    		Thread threadE = new FairLockThread(fairLock);
    		threadA.start();
    		threadB.start();
    		threadC.start();
    		threadD.start();
    		threadE.start();
    	}
    }
    //Thread: Thread-01553001414577
    //Thread: Thread-11553001414578
    //Thread: Thread-21553001414579
    //Thread: Thread-31553001414579
    //Thread: Thread-41553001414579

将上述的例子中的锁创建是变为:

ReentrantLock fairLock  = new ReentrantLock(false);
    // Thread: Thread-01553001481846
    // Thread: Thread-31553001481847
    // Thread: Thread-41553001481847
    // Thread: Thread-21553001481847
    // Thread: Thread-11553001481847

可以看到上述的顺序变成了乱序的.(因为此处变成了非共享锁.)

##### Condition类的基本使用 #####

在前文中,我们提过`Thread的wait(),notify()无法指定唤醒某个线程`. 面对这个问题,JDK1.5之后提出了`Condition类`的概念解决这个问题.

Condition类是基于某个锁的Condition类.一个锁可以具有多个`Condition类`.我们同样使用`Condition类`来实现第三章中出现的`wait/notify机制`.  
首先,为了显示的简单,我们举一个简单的例子加以说明.

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
    
    class ConditionWaitThread extends Thread{
    	ReentrantLock lock;
    	Condition condition;
    	public ConditionWaitThread(ReentrantLock lock,Condition condition){
    		this.lock = lock;
    		this.condition = condition;
    	}
    	// 等待线程
    	public void run(){
    		try{
    			lock.lock();
    			System.out.println("Thread: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis()+" Await begin.");
    			condition.await();
    			System.out.println("Thread: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis()+" Await end.");
    		}catch(InterruptedException e){
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}finally{
    			lock.unlock();
    		}
    	}
    }
    
    class ConditionNotifyThread extends Thread{
    	ReentrantLock lock;
    	Condition condition;
    	public ConditionNotifyThread(ReentrantLock lock,Condition condition){
    		this.lock = lock;
    		this.condition = condition;
    	}
    	// 等待线程
    	public void run(){
    		try{
    			lock.lock();
    			System.out.println("Thread: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis()+" Notify begin.");
    			condition.signal();
    			System.out.println("Thread: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis()+" Notify end.");
    		}finally{
    			lock.unlock();
    		}
    	}
    }
    
    public class ConditionDemo {
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    		Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
    		Thread waitThread = new ConditionWaitThread(lock,condition);
    		Thread notiyThread = new ConditionNotifyThread(lock,condition);
    		
    		waitThread.start();
    		try {
    			Thread.sleep(2000);
    		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}
    		notiyThread.start();
    
    	}
    }
    //Thread: Thread-01553002264752 Await begin.
    //Thread: Thread-11553002266753 Notify begin.
    //Thread: Thread-11553002266754 Notify end.
    //Thread: Thread-01553002266754 Await end.

输出与我们预想的几乎一致.在例子中我们使用`condition.await() / condition.singnal()`替换了原始的`wait() / notify()`方法. 与`wait() / notify()`一致的是,`condition`的`await() / singnal()`方法也具有如下的几个特性:

*  必须先获取对象的锁才能调用`await()`方法,否则会抛出异常.
 *  `await()`方法调用后,会释放对象的锁;`singnal()`方法调用后不会立即释放对象的锁,而是等当前的进程运行完毕后才会.
 *  `await()`方法也有`await(long)`的超时等待机制,且等待时被`interrupt()`中断也会抛出异常;
 *  `singnal()`唤醒单个; `signalAll()`唤醒多个.

在实际中,有时我们需要维护一个Lock锁的多个`Condition对象`.用于特定唤醒某个线程.我们将上文的实例改写下即可.其实例如下:

public class ConditionDemo {
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    		Condition conditionA = lock.newCondition();
    		Condition conditionB = lock.newCondition();
    
    		Thread waitThreadA = new ConditionWaitThread(lock,conditionA);
    		Thread waitThreadB = new ConditionWaitThread(lock,conditionB);
    
    		Thread notiyThread = new ConditionNotifyThread(lock,conditionA);
    		
    		waitThreadA.start();
    		waitThreadB.start();
    		try {
    			Thread.sleep(2000);
    		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}
    		notiyThread.start();
    
    	}
    }
    //Thread: Thread-01553002848245 Await begin.
    //Thread: Thread-11553002848246 Await begin.
    //Thread: Thread-21553002850248 Notify begin.
    //Thread: Thread-21553002850248 Notify end.
    //Thread: Thread-01553002850248 Await end.

当然,使用`ReentrantLock`与`Condition`类也能够完成我们在第三章中的 `生产者 / 访问者`的队列.这里,我们使用阻塞队列`CopyOnWriteArrayList`线程安全的阻塞队列作为传输消息的媒介.

import java.util.List;
    import java.util.concurrent.BlockingDeque;
    import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
    
    class ProducerLockConditionListThread extends Thread{
    	ReentrantLock lock;
    	Condition condition;
    	List list;
    	public ProducerLockConditionListThread(ReentrantLock lock, Condition condition, List list){
    		this.lock = lock;
    		this.condition = condition;
    		this.list = list;
    	}
    	public void produce(){
    		try{
    			lock.lock();
    			while(ProducerConsumerLockConditionListThread.index != list.size()){
    				condition.await();
    			}
    			String msg = "MSG"+System.currentTimeMillis(); 
    			list.add(msg);
    			System.out.println("Produce"+"Thread: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis()+" "+msg);
    			condition.signal();
    		}catch(InterruptedException e){
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}finally{
    			lock.unlock();
    		}
    		
    	}
    	public void run(){
    		while(true){
    			produce();
    		}
    	}
    }
    
    class ConsumerLockConditionListThread extends Thread{
    	ReentrantLock lock;
    	Condition condition;
    	List list;
    	public ConsumerLockConditionListThread(ReentrantLock lock, Condition condition, List list){
    		this.lock = lock;
    		this.condition = condition;
    		this.list = list;
    	}
    	public void consume(){
    		try{
    			lock.lock();
    			while(ProducerConsumerLockConditionListThread.index == list.size()){
    				condition.await();
    			}
    			String msg = (String)list.get(ProducerConsumerLockConditionListThread.index++);
    			System.out.println("Consume"+"Thread: "+Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis()+" "+msg);
    			condition.signal();
    		}catch(InterruptedException e){
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}finally{
    			lock.unlock();
    		}
    		
    	}
    	public void run(){
    		while(true){
    			consume();
    		}
    	}
    }
    
    public class ProducerConsumerLockConditionListThread {
    	public volatile static int index;
    	
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    		Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
    		List list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
    		
    		Thread producerThread = new ProducerLockConditionListThread(lock,condition,list);
    		Thread consumerThread = new ConsumerLockConditionListThread(lock,condition,list);
    		producerThread.start();
    		
    		consumerThread.start();
    
    	}
    	
    }
    
    // ProduceThread: Thread-01553003849154 MSG1553003849154
    // ConsumeThread: Thread-11553003849155 MSG1553003849154
    // ProduceThread: Thread-01553003849155 MSG1553003849155
    // ConsumeThread: Thread-11553003849155 MSG1553003849155

在实例中,有时我们不需要这样的交替打印的情况.这边给出一个实例给大家自己执行.

import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
    import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
    /**
     * * Producer Consumer Problem solution using BlockingQueue in Java. *
     * BlockingQueue not only provide a data structure to store data * but also
     * gives you flow control, require for inter thread communication. * * @author
     * Javin Paul
     */
    public class ProducerConsumerSolution {
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		BlockingQueue<Integer> sharedQ = new LinkedBlockingQueue<Integer>();
    		Producer p = new Producer(sharedQ);
    		Consumer c = new Consumer(sharedQ);
    		p.start();
    		c.start();
    	}
    }
    class Producer extends Thread {
    	private BlockingQueue<Integer> sharedQueue;
    	public Producer(BlockingQueue<Integer> aQueue) {
    		super("PRODUCER");
    		this.sharedQueue = aQueue;
    	}
    	public void run() {
    		// no synchronization needed
    		for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    			try {
    				System.out.println(getName() + " produced " + i);
    				sharedQueue.put(i);
    				Thread.sleep(200);
    			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    				e.printStackTrace();
    			}
    		}
    	}
    }
    class Consumer extends Thread {
    	private BlockingQueue<Integer> sharedQueue;
    	public Consumer(BlockingQueue<Integer> aQueue) {
    		super("CONSUMER");
    		this.sharedQueue = aQueue;
    	}
    	public void run() {
    		try {
    			while (true) {
    				Integer item = sharedQueue.take();
    				System.out.println(getName() + "consumed " + item);
    			}
    		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}
    	}
    }
    
    // Output PRODUCER produced 0
    // CONSUMER consumed 0 PRODUCER produced 1 CONSUMER consumed
    // 1 PRODUCER produced 2 CONSUMER consumed 2 PRODUCER
    // produced 3 CONSUMER consumed 3 PRODUCER produced 4
    // CONSUMER consumed 4 PRODUCER produced 5 CONSUMER consumed
    // 5 PRODUCER produced 6 CONSUMER consumed 6 PRODUCER
    // produced 7 CONSUMER consumed 7 PRODUCER produced 8
    // CONSUMER consumed 8 PRODUCER produced 9 CONSUMER consumed
    // 9

[Producer Consumer Solution using BlockingQueue in Java Thread][]

##### ReentrantLock 其他API #####

*  `int getHoldCount()` 获取锁定个数,即调用`lock.lock()`方法的次数.
 *  `int getQueueLength()` 返回正在等待获取此锁定的线程估计数.
 *  `int getWaitQueueLength(Condition condition)` 返回等待与此锁定相关的给定条件Condition的线程估计数.
 *  `boolean hasQueuedThread(Thread thread)` 查询指定的线程是否正在等待此锁定.
 *  `boolean hasWaiters(Condition condition)`查询是否有线程正在等待此锁定相关的Condition条件.
 *  `boolean hasWaiters()`
 *  `boolean isFair()`判断是否是公平锁.
 *  `boolean isHeldByCurrentThread()` 查询当前线程是否保持此锁定.
 *  `boolean isLocked()` 查询此锁定是否由任意线程保持.
 *  `lockInterrupted()` 如果当前线程未被中断,则获取锁定;如果已经被中断则出现异常.
 *  `boolean tryLock()`仅在调用时锁定未被另一个线程保持的情况下,才获取此锁定.
 *  `boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)`如果锁定在给定等待的时间内没有被另一个线程保持, 且当前线程未被中断, 则获取该锁定.
 *  `awaitUninterrupteibly()`
 *  `awaitUntil()`

Condition有时还可以将任务进行顺序的安排.

##### ReentrantReadWriteLock #####

读写锁是为了线程的高效运转. 读写锁包括两个锁,读锁和写锁.读锁,是共享锁,两两不互斥;写锁,是排它锁,两两互斥.

我们下面将介绍下面读四种情况的例子:

1.  读读共享 2. 写写互斥 3. 写读互斥 4. 读写互斥

*  读读共享

/**
     * 4-2-1 ReentrantReadWriteLock读读共享.
     * 使用lock.readLock()读锁可以提高程序的运行效率.
     * 
     * */
    class ReadReadLockService{
    	private ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
    	public void read(){
    		try{
    			lock.readLock().lock();
    			System.out.println("Thread:"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"Read."+System.currentTimeMillis());
    		}finally{
    			lock.readLock().unlock();
    		}
    		
    	}
    }
    class ReadReadLockThread extends Thread{
    	ReadReadLockService service;
    	public ReadReadLockThread(ReadReadLockService service){
    		this.service = service;
    	}
    	public void run(){
    		service.read();
    	}
    }
    public class ReadReadLock {
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		ReadReadLockService service = new ReadReadLockService();
    		Thread threadA = new ReadReadLockThread(service);
    		Thread threadB = new ReadReadLockThread(service);
    
    		threadA.start();
    		threadB.start();
    	}
    }
    //Thread:Thread-0Read.1553011468326
    //Thread:Thread-1Read.1553011468326

*  写写互斥

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
    
    /**
     * 4-2-2 ReentrantReadWriteLock写写互斥.
     * 使用lock.readLock()读锁可以提高程序的运行效率.
     * 
     * */
    class ReadWriteLockService{
    	private ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
    	public void read(){
    		try{
    			lock.readLock().lock();
    			System.out.println("Thread:"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"Read."+System.currentTimeMillis());
    		}finally{
    			lock.readLock().unlock();
    		}
    		
    	}
    	public void write(){
    		try{
    			lock.writeLock().lock();
    			System.out.println("Thread:"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"Write."+System.currentTimeMillis());
    		}finally{
    			lock.writeLock().unlock();
    		}
    	}
    }
    class WriteLockThread extends Thread{
    	ReadWriteLockService service;
    	public WriteLockThread(ReadWriteLockService service){
    		this.service = service;
    	}
    	public void run(){
    		service.write();
    	}
    }
    class ReadLockThread extends Thread{
    	ReadWriteLockService service;
    	public ReadLockThread(ReadWriteLockService service){
    		this.service = service;
    	}
    	public void run(){
    		service.read();
    	}
    }
    
    
    public class WriteWriteLock {
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		ReadWriteLockService service = new ReadWriteLockService();
    		Thread threadA = new ReadLockThread(service);
    		Thread threadB = new WriteLockThread(service);
    
    		threadA.start();
    		threadB.start();
    	}
    }
    
    //Thread:Thread-0Read.1553014692146
    //Thread:Thread-1Write.1553014692147

--------------------

### Reference ###

\[1\]. Java 多线程编程核心技术  
\[2\]. Java并发编程的艺术

[Java _ Synchronized_Volatile]: https://blog.csdn.net/u010416101/article/details/88653637
[Java _]: https://blog.csdn.net/u010416101/article/details/88659177
[Producer Consumer Solution using BlockingQueue in Java Thread]: http://www.java67.com/2015/12/producer-consumer-solution-using-blocking-queue-java.html#ixzz5icvmau7C