【英语学习】【医学】【化学】Chemistry: the Central Science (14e) 的目录

悠悠 2022-01-31 00:57 1885阅读 0赞

《Chemistry: THE CENTRAL SCIENCE》所有版权归原书作者所有。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
这个目录包括了普通化学中最重要的常见词汇；  
即便是非化学专业的人作为文化常识也可以略有了解，能显得well-educated。

### 文章目录 ###

*  1. Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement
 *   *  1.1 The Study of Chemistry
     *  1.2 Classification of Matter
     *  1.3 Properties of Matter
     *  1.4 The Nature of Energy
     *  1.5 Units of Measurement
     *  1.6 Uncertainty in Measurement
     *  1.7 Dimensional Analysis
 *  2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
 *   *  2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter
     *  2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure
     *  2.3 The Modern View of the Atomic Structure
     *  2.4 Atomic Weights
     *  2.5 The Periodic Table
     *  2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds
     *  2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds
     *  2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds
     *  2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds
 *  3. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry
 *   *  3.1 Chemical Equations
     *  3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
     *  3.3 Formula Weights
     *  3.4 Avogadro's Number and the Mole
     *  3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses
     *  3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations
     *  3.7 Limiting Reactants
 *  4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution
 *   *  4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
     *  4.2 Precipitation Reactions
     *  4.3 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions
     *  4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
     *  4.5 Concentration of Solutions
     *  4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis
 *  5. Thermochemistry
 *   *  5.1 The Nature of Chemical Energy
     *  5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
     *  5.3 Enthalpy
     *  5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction
     *  5.5 Calorimetry
     *  5.6 Hess's Law
     *  5.7 Enthalpies of Formation
     *  5.8 Bond Enthalpies
     *  5.9 Foods and Fuels
 *  6. Electronic Structure of Atoms
 *   *  6.1 The Wave Nature of Light
     *  6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons
     *  6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model
     *  6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter
     *  6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals
     *  6.6 Representation of Orbitals
     *  6.7 Many-Electron Atoms
     *  6.8 Electron Configurations
     *  6.9 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
 *  7. Periodic Properties of the Elements
 *   *  7.1 Development of the Periodic Table
     *  7.2 Effective Nuclear Charges
     *  7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions
     *  7.4 Ionization Energy
     *  7.5 Electron Affinity
     *  7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
     *  7.7 Trends for Group 1A and Group 2A Metals
     *  7.8 Trends for Selected Nonmetals
 *  8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
 *   *  8.1 Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
     *  8.2 Ionic Bonding
     *  8.3 Covalent Bonding
     *  8.4 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity
     *  8.5 Drawing Lewis Structures
     *  8.6 Resonance Structures
     *  8.7 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
     *  8.8 Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds
 *  9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
 *   *  9.1 Molecular Shapes
     *  9.2 The VSEPR Model
     *  9.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
     *  9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap
     *  9.5 Hybrid Orbitals
     *  9.6 Multiple Bonds
     *  9.7 Molecular Orbitals
     *  9.8 Bonding in Period 2 Diatomic Molecules
 *  10. Gases
 *   *  10.1 Characteristics of Gases
     *  10.2 Pressure
     *  10.3 The Gas Laws
     *  10.4 The Ideal-Gas Equation
     *  10.5 Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation
     *  10.6 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures
     *  10.7 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
     *  10.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
 *  11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
 *   *  11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
     *  11.2 Intermolecular Forces
     *  11.3 Select Properties of Liquids
     *  11.4 Phase Changes
     *  11.5 Vapor Pressure
     *  11.6 Phase Diagrams
     *  11.7 Liquid Crystals
 *  12. Solids and Modern Materials
 *   *  12.1 Classification of Solids
     *  12.2 Structures of Solids
     *  12.3 Metallic Solids
     *  12.4 Metallic Bonding
     *  12.5 Ionic Solids
     *  12.6 Molecular Solids
     *  12.7 Covalent-Network Solids
     *  12.8 Polymers
     *  12.9 Nanomaterials
 *  13. Properties of Solutions
 *   *  13.1 The Solution Process
     *  13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility
     *  13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility
     *  13.4 Expressing Solution Concentration
     *  13.5 Colligative Properties
     *  13.6 Colloids
 *  14 Chemical Kinetics
 *   *  14.1 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
     *  14.2 Reaction Rates
     *  14.3 Concentration and Rate Laws
     *  14.4 The Change of Concentration with Time
     *  14.5 Temperature and Rate
     *  14.6 Reaction Mechanisms
     *  14.7 Catalysis
 *  15 Chemical Equilibrium
 *   *  15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium
     *  15.2 The Equilibrium Constant
     *  15.3 Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants
     *  15.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria
     *  15.5 Calculating Equilibrium Constants
     *  15.6 Applications of Equilibrium Constants
     *  15.7 Le Châtelier's Principle
 *  16. Acid-Base Equilibria
 *   *  16.1 Arrhenius Acids and Bases
     *  16.2 BrΦnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
     *  16.3 The Autoionization of Water
     *  16.4 The pH Scale
     *  16.5 Strong Acids and Bases
     *  16.6 Weak Acids
     *  16.7 Weak Bases
     *  16.8 Relationship between \*K~a~\* and \*K~b~\*
     *  16.9 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
     *  16.10 Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure
     *  16.11 Lewis Acids and Bases
 *  17. Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria
 *   *  17.1 The Common-Ion Effect
     *  17.2 Buffers
     *  17.3 Acid-Base Titrations
     *  17.4 Solubility Equlibria
     *  17.5 Factors That Affect Solubility
     *  17.6 Precipitation and Separation of Ions
     *  17.7 Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements
 *  18 Chemistry and Environment
 *   *  18.1 Earth's Atmosphere
     *  18.2 Human Activities and Earth's Atmosphere
     *  18.3 Earth's Water
     *  18.4 Human Activities and Water Quality
     *  18.5 Green Chemistry
     *  19 Chemical Thermodynamics
     *  19.1 Spontaneous Processes
     *  19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
     *  19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
     *  19.4 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
     *  19.5 Gibbs Free Energy
     *  19.6 Free Energy and Temperature
     *  19.7 Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant
 *  20. Electrochemistry
 *   *  20.1 Oxidation States and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
     *  20.2 Balancing Redox Equations
     *  20.3 Voltaic Cells
     *  20.4 Cell Potentials under Standard Conditions
     *  20.5 Free Energy and Redox Reactions
     *  20.6 Cell Potentials under Nonstandard Conditions
     *  20.7 Batteries and Fuel Cells
     *  20.8 Corrosion
     *  20.9 Electrolysis
 *  21 Nuclear Chemistry
 *   *  21.1 Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations
     *  21.2 Patterns of Nuclear Stability
     *  21.3 Nuclear Transmutation
     *  21.4 Rates of Radioactive Decay
     *  21.5 Detection of Radioactivity
     *  21.6 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions
     *  21.7 Nuclear Power: Fission
     *  21.8 Nuclear Power: Fusion
     *  21.9 Radiation in the Environment and Living Systems
 *  22. Chemistry of Nonmetals
 *   *  22.1 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions
     *  22.2 Hydrogen
     *  22.3 Group 8A: The Noble Gases
     *  22.4 Group 7A: The Halogens
     *  22.5 Oxygen
     *  22.6 The Other Group 6A Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po
     *  22.7 Nitrogen
     *  22.8 The Other Group 5A Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi
     *  22.9 Carbon
     *  22.10 The Other Group 4A Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb
     *  22.11 Boron
 *  23 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
 *   *  23.1 The Transition Metals
     *  23.2 Transition-Metal Complexes
     *  23.3 Common Ligands in Coordination Chemistry
     *  23.4 Nomenclature and Isomerism in Coordination Chemistry
     *  23.5 Color and Magnetism in Coordination Chemistry
     *  23.6 Crystal-Field Theory
 *  24. The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
 *   *  24.1 General Characteristics of Organic Molecules
     *  24.2 Introduction to Hydrocarbons
     *  24.3 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
     *  24.4 Organic Functional Groups
     *  24.5 Chirality in Organic Chemistry
     *  24.6 Introduction to Biochemistry
     *  24.7 Proteins
     *  24.8 Carbohydrates
     *  24.9 Lipids
     *  24.10 Nucleic Acids

# 1. Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement #

## 1.1 The Study of Chemistry ##

*  The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry
 *  Why Study Chemistry?

## 1.2 Classification of Matter ##

*  States of Matter
 *  Pure Substances
 *  Elements
 *  Compounds
 *  Mixtures

## 1.3 Properties of Matter ##

*  Physical and Chemical Changes
 *  Separation of Mixtures

## 1.4 The Nature of Energy ##

*  Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy

## 1.5 Units of Measurement ##

*  SI (*French Système International d’Unités*) Units
 *  Length and Mass
 *  Temperature
 *  Derived SI Units
 *  Volume
 *  Density
 *  Units of Energy

## 1.6 Uncertainty in Measurement ##

*  Precision and Accuracy
 *  Significant Figures
 *  Significant Figures in Calculations

## 1.7 Dimensional Analysis ##

*  Conversion Factors
 *  Using Two or More Conversion Factors
 *  Conversion Involving Volume

# 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions #

## 2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter ##

## 2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure ##

*  Cathode Rays and Electrons
 *  Radioactivity
 *  The Nuclear Model of the Atom

## 2.3 The Modern View of the Atomic Structure ##

*  Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes

## 2.4 Atomic Weights ##

*  The Atomic Mass Scales
 *  Atomic Weight

## 2.5 The Periodic Table ##

## 2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds ##

*  Molecules and Chemical Formulas
 *  Molecular and Empirical Formulas
 *  Picturing Molecules

## 2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds ##

*  Predicating Ionic Charges
 *  Ionic Compounds

## 2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds ##

*  Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
 *  Names and Formulas of Acids
 *  Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds

## 2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds ##

*  Alkanes
 *  Some Derivatives of Alkanes

# 3. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry #

## 3.1 Chemical Equations ##

*  Balancing Equations
 *  A Step-by-Step Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation
 *  Indicating the States of Reactants and Products

## 3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity ##

*  Combination and Decomposition Reactions
 *  Combustion Reactions

## 3.3 Formula Weights ##

*  Formula and Molecular Weights
 *  Percentage Composition from Chemical Formulas

## 3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole ##

*  Molar Mass
 *  Interconverting Masses and Moles
 *  Interconverting Masses and Numbers of Particles

## 3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses ##

*  Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas
 *  Combustion Analysis

## 3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations ##

## 3.7 Limiting Reactants ##

*  Theoretical and Percent Yields

# 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution #

## 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions ##

*  Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
 *  How Compounds Dissolve in Water
 *  Strong and Weak Electrolytes

## 4.2 Precipitation Reactions ##

*  Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds
 *  Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions
 *  Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions

## 4.3 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions ##

*  Acids
 *  Bases
 *  Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
 *  Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes
 *  Neutralization Reactions and Salts
 *  Neutralization Reactions with Gas Formation

## 4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions ##

*  Oxidation and Reduction
 *  Oxidation Numbers
 *  Oxidation of Metal by Acids and Salts
 *  The Activity Series

## 4.5 Concentration of Solutions ##

*  Molarity
 *  Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolytes
 *  Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume
 *  Dilution

## 4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis ##

*  Titrations

# 5. Thermochemistry #

## 5.1 The Nature of Chemical Energy ##

## 5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics ##

*  System and Surroundings
 *  Internal Energy
 *  Relating Δ*E* to Heat and Work
 *  Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
 *  State Functions

## 5.3 Enthalpy ##

*  Pressure-Volume Work
 *  Enthalpy Change

## 5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction ##

## 5.5 Calorimetry ##

*  Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
 *  Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
 *  Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)

## 5.6 Hess’s Law ##

## 5.7 Enthalpies of Formation ##

*  Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction

## 5.8 Bond Enthalpies ##

*  Bond Enthalpies and Enthalpies of Reaction

## 5.9 Foods and Fuels ##

*  Foods
 *  Fuels
 *  Other Energy Sources

# 6. Electronic Structure of Atoms #

## 6.1 The Wave Nature of Light ##

## 6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons ##

*  Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy
 *  The Photoelectric Effect and Photons

## 6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model ##

*  Line Spectra
 *  **Bohr**’s Model
 *  The Energy State of the Hydrogen Atom
 *  Limitation of the Bohr Model

## 6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter ##

*  The Uncertainty Principles

## 6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals ##

*  Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

## 6.6 Representation of Orbitals ##

*  The *s* Orbitals
 *  The *p* Orbitals
 *  The *d* and *f* Orbitals

## 6.7 Many-Electron Atoms ##

*  Orbitals and Their Energies
 *  Electron Spin and the **Pauli** Exclusion Principles

## 6.8 Electron Configurations ##

*  **Hund**’s Rule
 *  Condensed Electron Configurations
 *  Transition Metals
 *  The Lanthanides and Actinides

## 6.9 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table ##

*  Anomalous Electron Configurations

# 7. Periodic Properties of the Elements #

## 7.1 Development of the Periodic Table ##

## 7.2 Effective Nuclear Charges ##

## 7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions ##

*  Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii
 *  Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii

## 7.4 Ionization Energy ##

*  Variations in Successive Ionization Energies
 *  Electron Configuration of Ions

## 7.5 Electron Affinity ##

*  Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity

## 7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids ##

*  Metals
 *  Nonmetals
 *  Metalloids

## 7.7 Trends for Group 1A and Group 2A Metals ##

*  Group 1A: The Alkali Metals
 *  Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals

## 7.8 Trends for Selected Nonmetals ##

*  Hydrogen
 *  Group 6A: The Oxygen Group
 *  Group 7A: The Halogens
 *  Group 8A: The Noble Gases

# 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding #

## 8.1 Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule ##

*  The Octet Rule

## 8.2 Ionic Bonding ##

*  Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
 *  Electron Configuration of Ions of the *s-* and \*p-\*Block Elements
 *  Transition Metal Ions

## 8.3 Covalent Bonding ##

*  **Lewis** Structures
 *  Multiple Bonds

## 8.4 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity ##

*  Electronegativity
 *  Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
 *  Dipole Moment
 *  Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonding

## 8.5 Drawing Lewis Structures ##

*  Formal Charge and Alternative **Lewis** Structures

## 8.6 Resonance Structures ##

*  Resonance in Benzene

## 8.7 Exceptions to the Octet Rule ##

*  Odd Number of Electrons
 *  Less Than an Octet of Valence Electron
 *  More Than an Octet of Valence Electron

## 8.8 Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds ##

# 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories #

## 9.1 Molecular Shapes ##

## 9.2 The VSEPR Model ##

*  Applying the VSEPR Model to Determine Molecular Shapes
 *  Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles
 *  Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells
 *  Shapes of Larger Molecules

## 9.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity ##

## 9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap ##

## 9.5 Hybrid Orbitals ##

*  *sp* Hybrid Orbitals
 *  *sp2* and *sp3* Orbitals
 *  Hypervalent Molecules
 *  Hybrid Orbital Summary

## 9.6 Multiple Bonds ##

*  Resonance Structures, Delocalization, and π Bonding
 *  General Conclusions about σ (sigma) and π Bonding

## 9.7 Molecular Orbitals ##

*  Molecular Orbitals of the Hydrogen Molecule
 *  Bond Order

## 9.8 Bonding in Period 2 Diatomic Molecules ##

*  Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2
 *  Molecular Orbitals from 2*p* Atomic Orbitals
 *  Electron Configurations for B2 through Ne2
 *  Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties
 *  Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

# 10. Gases #

## 10.1 Characteristics of Gases ##

## 10.2 Pressure ##

*  Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer

## 10.3 The Gas Laws ##

*  The Pressure-Volume Relationship: **Boyle**’s Law
 *  The Temperature-Volume Relationship: **Charles**’s Law
 *  The Quantity-Volume Relationship: **Avogadro**’s Law

## 10.4 The Ideal-Gas Equation ##

*  Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws

## 10.5 Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation ##

*  Gas Densities and Molar Mass
 *  Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions

## 10.6 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures ##

*  Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

## 10.7 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases ##

*  Distributions of Molecular Speed
 *  Application of Kinetic-Molecular Theory to the Gas Laws

## 10.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion ##

*  **Graham**’s Law of Effusion
 *  Diffusion and Mean Free Path

# 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces #

## 11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids ##

## 11.2 Intermolecular Forces ##

*  Dispersion Forces
 *  Dipole-Dipole Interactions
 *  Hydrogen Bonding
 *  Ion-Dipole Forces
 *  Comparing Intermolecular Forces

## 11.3 Select Properties of Liquids ##

*  Viscosity
 *  Surface Tension
 *  Capillary Action

## 11.4 Phase Changes ##

*  Energy Changes Accompany Phase Changes
 *  Heating Curves
 *  Critical Temperature and Pressure

## 11.5 Vapor Pressure ##

*  Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Temperature
 *  Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

## 11.6 Phase Diagrams ##

*  The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2

## 11.7 Liquid Crystals ##

*  Types of Liquid Crystals

# 12. Solids and Modern Materials #

## 12.1 Classification of Solids ##

## 12.2 Structures of Solids ##

*  Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
 *  Unit Cells and Crystal Lattices
 *  Filling the Unit Cell

## 12.3 Metallic Solids ##

*  The Structures of Metallic Solids
 *  Close Packing
 *  Alloys

## 12.4 Metallic Bonding ##

*  Electron-Sea Model
 *  Molecular Orbital Model

## 12.5 Ionic Solids ##

*  Structures of Ionic Solids

## 12.6 Molecular Solids ##

## 12.7 Covalent-Network Solids ##

*  Semiconductors
 *  Semiconductor Doping

## 12.8 Polymers ##

*  Making Polymers
 *  Structure and Physical Properties of Polymers

## 12.9 Nanomaterials ##

*  Semiconductors on the Nanoscale
 *  Metals on the Nanoscale
 *  Carbon on the Nanoscale

# 13. Properties of Solutions #

## 13.1 The Solution Process ##

*  The Natural Tendency toward Mixing
 *  The Effect of Intermolecular Forces on Solution Formation
 *  Energetics of Solution Formation
 *  Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions

## 13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility ##

## 13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility ##

*  Solute-Solvent Interactions
 *  Pressure Effects
 *  Temperature Effects

## 13.4 Expressing Solution Concentration ##

*  Mass Percentage, ppm, and ppb
 *  Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality
 *  Converting Concentration Units

## 13.5 Colligative Properties ##

*  Vapor-Pressure Lowering
 *  Boiling-Point Elevation
 *  Freezing-Point Depression
 *  Osmosis
 *  Determination of Molar Mass from Colligative Properties

## 13.6 Colloids ##

*  Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
 *  Colloidal Motion in Liquids

# 14 Chemical Kinetics #

## 14.1 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates ##

## 14.2 Reaction Rates ##

*  Change of Rate with Time
 *  Instantaneous Rate
 *  Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry

## 14.3 Concentration and Rate Laws ##

*  Reaction Orders: The Exponents in the Rate Law
 *  Magnitudes and Units of Rate Constants
 *  Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws

## 14.4 The Change of Concentration with Time ##

*  First-Order Reactions
 *  Second-Order Reactions
 *  Zero-Order Reactions
 *  Half-Life

## 14.5 Temperature and Rate ##

*  The Collision Model
 *  The Orientation Factor
 *  Activation Energy
 *  The **Arrhenius** Equation
 *  Determining the Activation Energy

## 14.6 Reaction Mechanisms ##

*  Elementary Reactions
 *  Multistep Mechanisms
 *  Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions
 *  The Rate-Determining Step for a Multistep Mechanism
 *  Mechanisms with a Slow Initial Step
 *  Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step

## 14.7 Catalysis ##

*  Homogeneous Catalysis
 *  Heterogeneous Catalysis
 *  Enzymes

# 15 Chemical Equilibrium #

## 15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium ##

## 15.2 The Equilibrium Constant ##

*  Evaluating Kc
 *  Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure, Kp
 *  Equilibrium Constants and Units

## 15.3 Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants ##

*  The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants
 *  The Direction of the Chemical Equation and *K*
 *  Relating Chemical Equation Stoichiometry and Equilibrium Constants

## 15.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria ##

## 15.5 Calculating Equilibrium Constants ##

## 15.6 Applications of Equilibrium Constants ##

*  Predicting the Direction of Reaction
 *  Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

## 15.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle ##

*  Change in Reactants or Product Concentration
 *  Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes
 *  Effect of Temperature Changes
 *  The Effect of Catalysts

# 16. Acid-Base Equilibria #

## 16.1 Arrhenius Acids and Bases ##

## 16.2 BrΦnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases ##

*  The H\+ Ion in Water
 *  Proto-Transfer Reactions
 *  Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
 *  Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

## 16.3 The Autoionization of Water ##

*  The Ion Product of Water

## 16.4 The pH Scale ##

*  pOH and Other “p” Scales
 *  Measuring pH

## 16.5 Strong Acids and Bases ##

*  Strong Acids
 *  Strong Bases

## 16.6 Weak Acids ##

*  Calculating *Ka* from pH
 *  Percent Ionization
 *  Using *Ka* to Calculate pH
 *  Polyprotic Acids

## 16.7 Weak Bases ##

*  Types of Weak Bases

## 16.8 Relationship between *Ka* and *Kb* ##

## 16.9 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions ##

*  An Anion’s Ability to React with Water
 *  A Cation’s Ability to React with Water
 *  Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution

## 16.10 Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure ##

*  Factors That Affect Acid Strength
 *  Binary Acids
 *  Oxyacids
 *  Carboxylic Acids

## 16.11 Lewis Acids and Bases ##

# 17. Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria #

## 17.1 The Common-Ion Effect ##

## 17.2 Buffers ##

*  Composition and Action of Buffers
 *  Calculating the pH of a Buffer
 *  Buffer Capacity ad pH Range
 *  Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers

## 17.3 Acid-Base Titrations ##

*  Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration
 *  Calculating the pH of a Buffer
 *  Buffer Capacity and pH Range
 *  Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers

## 17.4 Solubility Equlibria ##

*  The Solubility-Product Constant, *Ksp*
 *  Solubility and *Ksp*

## 17.5 Factors That Affect Solubility ##

*  The Common-Ion Effect
 *  Solubility and pH
 *  Formation of Complex Ions
 *  Amphoterism

## 17.6 Precipitation and Separation of Ions ##

*  Selective Precipitation of Ions

## 17.7 Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements ##

# 18 Chemistry and Environment #

## 18.1 Earth’s Atmosphere ##

*  Composition of the Atmosphere
 *  Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
 *  Ozone in the Stratosphere

## 18.2 Human Activities and Earth’s Atmosphere ##

*  The Ozone Layer and Its Depletion
 *  Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain
 *  Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog
 *  Greenhouse Gases: Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate

## 18.3 Earth’s Water ##

*  The Global Water Cycle
 *  Salt Water: Earth’s Oceans and Seas
 *  Freshwater and Groundwater

## 18.4 Human Activities and Water Quality ##

*  Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality
 *  Water Purification: Desalination
 *  Water Purification: Municipal Treatment

## 18.5 Green Chemistry ##

*  Supercritical Solvents
 *  Greener Reagents and Processes

## 19 Chemical Thermodynamics ##

## 19.1 Spontaneous Processes ##

*  Seeking a Criterion for Spontaneity
 *  Reversible and Irreversible Processes

## 19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics ##

*  The Relationship between Entropy and Heat
 *  Δ*S* for Phase Changes
 *  The Second Law of Thermodynamics

## 19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics ##

*  Expansion of a Gas at the Molecular Level
 *  **Boltzmann**’s Equation and Microstates
 *  Molecular Motions and Energy
 *  Making Qualitative Predictions about Δ*S*
 *  The Third Law of Thermodynamics

## 19.4 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions ##

*  Temperature Variation of Entropy
 *  Standard Molar Entropies
 *  Calculating the Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction
 *  Entropy Changes in the Surroundings

## 19.5 Gibbs Free Energy ##

*  Standard Free Energy of Formation

## 19.6 Free Energy and Temperature ##

## 19.7 Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant ##

*  Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions
 *  Relationship between Δ*G*° and *K*

# 20. Electrochemistry #

## 20.1 Oxidation States and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions ##

## 20.2 Balancing Redox Equations ##

*  Half-Reactions
 *  Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions
 *  Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution

## 20.3 Voltaic Cells ##

## 20.4 Cell Potentials under Standard Conditions ##

*  Standard Reduction Potentials
 *  Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

## 20.5 Free Energy and Redox Reactions ##

*  Emf, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant

## 20.6 Cell Potentials under Nonstandard Conditions ##

*  The **Nernst** Equation
 *  Concentration Cells

## 20.7 Batteries and Fuel Cells ##

*  Lead-Acid Battery
 *  Alkaline Battery
 *  Nickel-Cadmium and Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
 *  Lithium-Ion Batteries
 *  Hydrogen Fuel Cells

## 20.8 Corrosion ##

*  Corrosion of Iron (Rusting)
 *  Preventing Corrosion of Iron

## 20.9 Electrolysis ##

*  Quantitative Aspect of Electrolysis

# 21 Nuclear Chemistry #

## 21.1 Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations ##

*  Nuclear Equations
 *  Types of Radioactive Decay

## 21.2 Patterns of Nuclear Stability ##

*  Neutron-to-Proton Ratio
 *  Radioactive Decay Chains
 *  Further Observation

## 21.3 Nuclear Transmutation ##

*  Accelerating Charged Particles
 *  Reactions Involving Neutrons
 *  Transuranium Elements

## 21.4 Rates of Radioactive Decay ##

*  Radiometric Dating
 *  Calculations Based on Half-Life

## 21.5 Detection of Radioactivity ##

*  Radiotracers

## 21.6 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions ##

*  Nuclear Binding Energies

## 21.7 Nuclear Power: Fission ##

*  Nuclear Reactions
 *  Nuclear Wastes

## 21.8 Nuclear Power: Fusion ##

## 21.9 Radiation in the Environment and Living Systems ##

*  Radiation Doses

# 22. Chemistry of Nonmetals #

## 22.1 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions ##

*  Chemical Reactions

## 22.2 Hydrogen ##

*  Isotopes of Hydrogen
 *  Properties of Hydrogen
 *  Production of Hydrogen
 *  Uses of Hydrogen
 *  Binary Hydrogen Compounds

## 22.3 Group 8A: The Noble Gases ##

*  Noble-Gas Compounds

## 22.4 Group 7A: The Halogens ##

*  Properties and Production of the Halogens
 *  Uses of the Halogens
 *  The Hydrogen Halides
 *  Interhalogen Compounds
 *  Oxyacids and Oxyanions

## 22.5 Oxygen ##

*  Properties of Oxygen
 *  Production of Oxygen
 *  Uses of Oxygen
 *  Ozone
 *  Oxides
 *  Peroxides and Superoxides

## 22.6 The Other Group 6A Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po ##

*  Occurrence and Production of S, Se, and Te
 *  Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
 *  Sulfides
 *  Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur

## 22.7 Nitrogen ##

*  Properties of Nitrogen
 *  Production and Uses of Nitrogen
 *  Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen
 *  Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen

## 22.8 The Other Group 5A Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi ##

*  Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus
 *  Phosphorus Halides
 *  Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus

## 22.9 Carbon ##

*  Elemental Forms of Carbon
 *  Oxides of Carbon
 *  Carbonic Acid and Carbonates
 *  Carbides

## 22.10 The Other Group 4A Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb ##

*  General Characteristics of the Group 4A Elements
 *  Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon
 *  Silicates
 *  Glass
 *  Silicones

## 22.11 Boron ##

# 23 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry #

## 23.1 The Transition Metals ##

*  Physical Properties
 *  Electron Configurations and Oxidation States
 *  Magnetism

## 23.2 Transition-Metal Complexes ##

*  The Development of Coordination Chemistry: **Werner**’s Theory
 *  The Metal-Ligand Bond
 *  Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries

## 23.3 Common Ligands in Coordination Chemistry ##

*  Metals and Chelates in Living Systems

## 23.4 Nomenclature and Isomerism in Coordination Chemistry ##

*  Isomerism
 *  Structural Isomerism
 *  Stereoisomerism

## 23.5 Color and Magnetism in Coordination Chemistry ##

*  Color
 *  Magnetism of Coordination Compounds

## 23.6 Crystal-Field Theory ##

*  Electron Configuration in Octahedral Complexes
 *  Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes

# 24. The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry #

## 24.1 General Characteristics of Organic Molecules ##

*  The Structure of Organic Molecules
 *  The Stability of Organic Compounds
 *  Solubility and Acid-Base Properties of Organic Compounds

## 24.2 Introduction to Hydrocarbons ##

*  Structure of Alkanes
 *  Structural Isomers
 *  Nomenclature of Alkanes
 *  Cycloalkanes
 *  Reactions of Alkanes

## 24.3 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons ##

*  Alkenes
 *  Alkynes
 *  Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
 *  Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 *  Stabilization of π Electrons by Delocalization
 *  Substitution Reaction of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

## 24.4 Organic Functional Groups ##

*  Alcohols
 *  Ethers
 *  Aldehydrates and Ketones
 *  Carboxylic Acids and Esters
 *  Amines and Amides

## 24.5 Chirality in Organic Chemistry ##

## 24.6 Introduction to Biochemistry ##

## 24.7 Proteins ##

*  Amino Acids
 *  Polypeptides and Proteins
 *  Protein Structure

## 24.8 Carbohydrates ##

*  Dissaccarides
 *  Polyssachrides

## 24.9 Lipids ##

*  Fats
 *  Phospholipids

## 24.10 Nucleic Acids ##

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