shell中的变量

傷城~ 2022-01-17 07:19 290阅读 0赞

## 1.变量的定义 ##

> 变量即在程序运行过程中它的值是允许改变的量；变量是用一串固定的字符来标示不固定的值的一种方法；变量是一种使用方便的占位符,用于引用计算机内存地址,该地址可以存储 Script 运行时可更改的程序信息在 shell 中变量是不能永久保存在系统中的,必须在文件中声明。

## 2.在shel脚本中变量的种类 ##

在 shell 中变量分为环境级变量,用户级变量,系统级变量

环境级变量：只在当前 shell 中生效, shell 关闭变量丢失。

用户级变量：写在用户的骨文件中,只针对当前用户生效。

系统级变量：被写在系统的配置文件 /etc/profile 或者 /etc/profile.d/ 中,对于所有用户都生效。

## 3.shell脚本变量的定义方法 ##

环境变量：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
用户变量：

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]  
系统级变量：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]

PATH环境变量指定的系统路径  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]

## 4.变量名称的规范 ##

变量名称中通常包含大小写字字母,数字,下划线(不是必须)  
变量名称格式  
WESTOS\_LINUX  
Westos\_Linux  
westoS\_Linux

## 5.字符的转译及变量的声明 ##

\ 转译单个字符
    ""	弱引用，批量转译""中出现的字符
    ''	强引用，批量转译''中出现的字符
    ''与""	两者的区别在于，""不能转译"\","`","!","$"
    ${}	变量声明
    例如：
    A=1
    echo $Ab
    echo ${A}b

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]

## 6.变量值的传递 ##

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>$1</th> 
   <th>脚本后的第一串字符串</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>$2</td> 
   <td>脚本后的第二串字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>$3</td> 
   <td>脚本后的第三串字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>$#</td> 
   <td>脚本后所跟字符串的个数</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>$*</td> 
   <td>脚本后跟的所有字符串，模式为“ 1 2 3 ”</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>&amp;@</td> 
   <td>脚本后跟的所有字符串，模式为“ 1”“2”“3”</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>$0</td> 
   <td>脚本本身的名称</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>$ $</td> 
   <td>当前程序的id</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]  
$ @和$ \*的区别；

#!/bin/bash
    for i in "$*"
    do
            echo $i
    done

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]

#!/bin/bash
    for i in "$@"
    do
            echo $i
    done

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]

## 7.用 read 实现变量传递 ##

小实验：  
判断网络是否通畅，要求：交互式输入ip，判断能否ping通该ip

read -p "please input ipaddress: " TARGET
    ping -c1 -w1 $TARGET &> /dev/null && {
            echo $TARGET is up
    }||{
            echo $TARGET is down
    }

![在这里插入图片描述][20190612234514240.png]![在这里插入图片描述][20190612234521710.png]  
加密方式输入：

read -p "please input ipaddress: " -s  TARGET
    echo ""
    ping -c1 -w1 $TARGET &> /dev/null && {
            echo $TARGET is up
    }||{
            echo $TARGET is down
    }

![在这里插入图片描述][20190612234605712.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190612234610538.png]

## 8.linux 系统中命令别名的设定 ##

**只在当前环境生效：**

alias xie='vim'
    xie
    退出当前的shell后不生效

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]  
**针对当前用户生效：**

家目录的 .bashrc文件 加入alias xie='vim'
    source .bashrc
    退出当前shell依然生效
    但是切换到student不生效
    su student
    su - student

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]![在这里插入图片描述][20190613140708922.png]  
**针对所有用户生效：**

/etc/bashrc 加不加-都会读取这个文件  用户
    
    alias xie='vim'
    su student
    su - student

![在这里插入图片描述][20190613140835960.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190613140825795.png]

**系统环境：**

vim /etc/profile

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]![在这里插入图片描述][20190613141312597.png]

**删除：**

vim /etc/profile     ##删除所有写的
    unalias xie='vim'

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]

## 9.利用命令执行结果设定变量 ##

$( )和\`\` 后者的用途更广

echo time is date  不能显示时间
    可以这样显示：
    echo time is `date` 
    echo time is $(date)
    
    或者time=`date`
    echo $time

![在这里插入图片描述][20190613142538731.png]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]  
**退出值$?**

$? 是命令在执行完成之后产生的退出值  
范围是 \[0-255\]  
当 $0=0 时标示命令执行没有错误输出  
这个值可以用 exit 命令执行 .  
例如 exit 66

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
**指定退出值**  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]

[错误对照表][Link 1]

## 10.脚本中的函数 ##

脚本中的函数时把一个复杂的语句块定义成一个字符串的方法

Host_Message()
    {
    read -p "Please input you action: " Action
    [ "Action" == "exit" ] && exit 0
    [ "Action" == "user"]&&echo You are $USER
    [ "Action" == "hostname" ]&& echo $HOST
    Host_Message
    }
    Host_Message

函数相当于脚本中的脚本

例如：![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]

小测试1：

判断用户输入的内容，若输入的是exit或者EXIT就退出，否则输入什么就输出什么。  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27]  
小测试2：

创建用户 ，当运行脚本 user\_ctrl.sh 时出现提示C D E。要求：当用户输出C时，提示输入用户名，判断用户存不存在，存在提示该用户存在，不存在提示输入密码，建立用户，返回主页面；当用户输入D时，提示输入用户名，用户名不存在提示不存在，直接返回到主页面。用户名存在，删除，返回到主页面；当用户输入E时，直接退出。

代码如下：

#!/bin/bash
    echo -e "\nC[reate] D[elete] E[xit]\n"
    Choose_Fun()
    {
            read -p "Please input Action:" WORD
            ACTION=`echo "$WORD" |tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'`
            [ "$ACTION" = "c" -o "$ACTION" = "create" ] && {
                    Create_User_Func
            }
            [ "$ACTION" = "d" -o "$ACTION" = "delete" ] && {
                    Delete_User_Func
            }
            [ "$ACTION" = "e" -o "$ACTION" = "edit" ] && {
                    echo bye
                    exit
            }||{
                    echo "Error:$ACTION is wrong action!!"
                    Choose_Fun
            }
            Choose_Fun
    }
    Create_User_Func()
    {
            read -p "Please input name:" USERNAME
            id $USERNAME &> /dev/null
            [ "$?" = "0" ] && {
                    echo $USERNAME is exist!
                    Create_User_Func
            }||{
                    useradd $USERNAME
                    read -p "Please input passwd :" PASSWD
                    echo $PASSWD | passwd --stdin $USERNAME   &> /dev/null
                    echo "$USERNAME is created successfully!"
                    Choose_Fun
            }
    }
    Delete_User_Func()
    {
            read -p "Please input username:" USERNAME
            id $USERNAME &> /dev/null
            [ "$?" = "0" ] && {
                    userdel -r $USERNAME
                    echo $USERNAME is deleted!
                    Choose_Fun
            }||{
                    echo "$USERNAME is not exist"
                    Choose_Fun
            }
    }
    Choose_Fun

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 28]

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[20190612234514240.png]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20190612234514240.png
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[Link 1]: https://blog.csdn.net/HUAJUN998/article/details/72723423
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