Linux MTD子系统学习（二）

r囧r小猫 2022-01-09 09:43 771阅读 0赞

# Linux MTD子系统学习（二） #

## 3 Linux MTD spi-nor驱动分析 ##

### 3.1 spi-nor设备驱动框架 ###

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTM4MzY5MDk_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

### 3.2 spi-nor设备注册 ###

如果希望一个spi设备可以在linux系统下很好的工作，除了写驱动，还要向内核申明和注册这个spi设备。目前有两种方法向内核注册一个spi设备。在稍微老点版本的内核（2.6.xx）中通过向内核注册struct spi\_board\_info对象，来申明一个spi设备。在比较新的内核中（3.xx）使用device tree的方式向内核申明并注册一个spi设备的。无论使用哪种方式，其实最终的目的就是为了建立一个struct spi\_deivce对象，并注册到spi子系统中。下面就结合代码来看看是如何注册一个spi设备到内核中的。

#### 3.2.1 spi\_board\_info的方式 ####

struct spi_board_info {
    	/* the device name and module name are coupled, like platform_bus;
    	 * "modalias" is normally the driver name.
    	 *
    	 * platform_data goes to spi_device.dev.platform_data,
    	 * controller_data goes to spi_device.controller_data,
    	 * device properties are copied and attached to spi_device,
    	 * irq is copied too
    	 */
    	char		modalias[SPI_NAME_SIZE];
    	const void	*platform_data;
    	const struct property_entry *properties;
    	void		*controller_data;
    	int		irq;
    
    	/* slower signaling on noisy or low voltage boards */
    	u32		max_speed_hz;
    
    
    	/* bus_num is board specific and matches the bus_num of some
    	 * spi_controller that will probably be registered later.
    	 *
    	 * chip_select reflects how this chip is wired to that master;
    	 * it's less than num_chipselect.
    	 */
    	u16		bus_num;
    	u16		chip_select;
    
    	/* mode becomes spi_device.mode, and is essential for chips
    	 * where the default of SPI_CS_HIGH = 0 is wrong.
    	 */
    	u16		mode;
    
    	/* ... may need additional spi_device chip config data here.
    	 * avoid stuff protocol drivers can set; but include stuff
    	 * needed to behave without being bound to a driver:
    	 *  - quirks like clock rate mattering when not selected
    	 */
    };

下面就结合某一个板级代码讲解struct spi\_board\_info各个字段的含义，以及如何在板级代码中注册struct spi\_board\_info。

static struct spi_board_info xxx_spi_nor_device[] = {
    {
             .modalias = "m25p80",	//spi设备名字，设备驱动探测时会用到该项
              .max_speed_hz = 25000000,      /* max spi clock (SCK) speed in HZ */
              .bus_num = 1, //记录该spi设备是连接在哪个spi总线上的，所在总线的编号
              .chip_select = 1,//该spi设备的片选编号
              .mode = SPI_MODE_0,	//此spi设备支持spi总线的工作模式
              .platform_data = NULL,	//可存放flash分区表
    },
    {},
    };

spi设备注册过程：

*  spi\_register\_board\_info()—>spi\_match\_master\_to\_boardinfo()—>spi\_new\_device()
 *  spi\_register\_board\_info：
    
        int spi_register_board_info(struct spi_board_info const *info, unsigned n)
          {
          	struct boardinfo *bi;
          	int i;
          
          	if (!n)
          		return 0;
          
          	bi = kcalloc(n, sizeof(*bi), GFP_KERNEL);
          	if (!bi)
          		return -ENOMEM;
          
          	for (i = 0; i < n; i++, bi++, info++) {
          		struct spi_controller *ctlr;
          
          		memcpy(&bi->board_info, info, sizeof(*info));
          		if (info->properties) {
          			bi->board_info.properties =
          					property_entries_dup(info->properties);
          			if (IS_ERR(bi->board_info.properties))
          				return PTR_ERR(bi->board_info.properties);
          		}
          
          		mutex_lock(&board_lock);
          		list_add_tail(&bi->list, &board_list);
          
          	//遍历spi_controller_list链表，该链表记录所有的spi控制器
          		list_for_each_entry(ctlr, &spi_controller_list, list)
          			spi_match_controller_to_boardinfo(ctlr, &bi->board_info);
          		mutex_unlock(&board_lock);
          	}
          
          	return 0;
          }
    
     *  spi\_match\_master\_to\_boardinfo：
        
            static void spi_match_controller_to_boardinfo(struct spi_controller *ctlr,
              					      struct spi_board_info *bi)
              {	
              	struct spi_device *dev;
              
              	//设备指定的控制器编号与控制器编号相等，则注册spi设备
              	if (ctlr->bus_num != bi->bus_num)
              		return;
              
              	dev = spi_new_device(ctlr, bi); //注册spi设备
              	if (!dev)
              		dev_err(ctlr->dev.parent, "can't create new device for %s\n",
              			bi->modalias);
              }
 *  spi\_new\_device：
    
        struct spi_device *spi_new_device(struct spi_controller *ctlr,
          			  struct spi_board_info *chip)
          {
          	struct spi_device	*proxy;
          	int			status;
          
          	/* NOTE:  caller did any chip->bus_num checks necessary.
          	 *
          	 * Also, unless we change the return value convention to use
          	 * error-or-pointer (not NULL-or-pointer), troubleshootability
          	 * suggests syslogged diagnostics are best here (ugh).
          	 */
          
          	proxy = spi_alloc_device(ctlr);
          	if (!proxy)
          		return NULL;
          
          	WARN_ON(strlen(chip->modalias) >= sizeof(proxy->modalias));
          
          	proxy->chip_select = chip->chip_select;
          	proxy->max_speed_hz = chip->max_speed_hz;
          	proxy->mode = chip->mode;
          	proxy->irq = chip->irq;
          	strlcpy(proxy->modalias, chip->modalias, sizeof(proxy->modalias));
          	proxy->dev.platform_data = (void *) chip->platform_data;
          	proxy->controller_data = chip->controller_data;
          	proxy->controller_state = NULL;
          
          	if (chip->properties) {
          		status = device_add_properties(&proxy->dev, chip->properties);
          		if (status) {
          			dev_err(&ctlr->dev,
          				"failed to add properties to '%s': %d\n",
          				chip->modalias, status);
          			goto err_dev_put;
          		}
          	}
          
          	status = spi_add_device(proxy);
          	if (status < 0)
          		goto err_remove_props;
          
          	return proxy;
          
          	err_remove_props:
          	if (chip->properties)
          		device_remove_properties(&proy->dev);
          	err_dev_put:
          	spi_dev_put(proxy);
          	return NULL;
          }

#### 3.2.2 device\_tree方式 ####

下面以某一个平台，讲解如何使用device tree来向内核中添加一个spi设备，首先看下面的device tree代码片段kernel/arch/arm/boot/dts/xxx.dts：  
&spi0 \{  
status = “okay”;  
spi-flash@0 \{  
compatible = “m25p80”, “jedec,spi-nor”;  
spi-max-frequency = <24000000>;  
reg = <0>;  
\};  
\};

在spi控制器的每一个子节点，都会被内核解析成一个spi设备，最后生成一个struct spi\_device，并注册到内核中，我们这个节点也不例外。  
这里的spi-flash节点就会被解析成一个struct spi\_device对象。那么在什么时候这些子节点被解析成呢？这些子节点是在它的父节点对应的控制器被注册时解析的，也就是说是在调用spi\_register\_master()向内核注册一个spi控制器时，在这个函数中被解析。这个函数的的最后调用了of\_register\_spi\_devices(master),这个函数的主要目的就是遍历struct spi\_master对象所对应的device tree节点的所有子节点，并使用子节点中的属性信息创建对应的struct spi\_device，然后注册至内核中。

### 3.3 spi-nor设备驱动 ###

上面的两种方法注册spi设备，讲的都是m25p80这个spi flash设备，spi设备的驱动，我们也讲解m25p80的驱动。代码在kernel/drivers/mtd/devices/m25p80.c。

static struct spi_driver m25p80_driver = {
    	.driver = {
    		.name	= "m25p80",			//驱动名
    		.of_match_table = m25p_of_table,//与设备树匹配表
    	},
    	.id_table	= m25p_ids,		//设备与驱动相关的数据
    	.probe	= m25p_probe,	//探测函数
    	.remove	= m25p_remove,	//移除函数
    
    	/* REVISIT: many of these chips have deep power-down modes, which
    	 * should clearly be entered on suspend() to minimize power use.
    	 * And also when they're otherwise idle...
    	 */
    };
    
    module_spi_driver(m25p80_driver);

首先看一下struct spi\_driver.id\_table，这个项会在struct spi\_device和struct spi\_driver对象进行匹配时使用到。id\_table就是struct spi\_device\_id数组。我们先看struct spi\_device\_id结构的原型：

struct spi_device_id {
    	char name[SPI_NAME_SIZE];
    	kernel_ulong_t driver_data;	/* Data private to the driver */
    };

示例如下：

static const struct spi_device_id m25p_ids[] = {
    	/*
    	 * Allow non-DT platform devices to bind to the "spi-nor" modalias, and
    	 * hack around the fact that the SPI core does not provide uevent
    	 * matching for .of_match_table
    	 */
    	{"spi-nor"},
    
    	/*
    	 * Entries not used in DTs that should be safe to drop after replacing
    	 * them with "spi-nor" in platform data.
    	 */
    	{"s25sl064a"},	{"w25x16"},	{"m25p10"},	{"m25px64"},
    
    	/*
    	 * Entries that were used in DTs without "jedec,spi-nor" fallback and
    	 * should be kept for backward compatibility.
    	 */
    	{"at25df321a"},	{"at25df641"},	{"at26df081a"},
    	{"mx25l4005a"},	{"mx25l1606e"},	{"mx25l6405d"},	{"mx25l12805d"},
    	{"mx25l25635e"},{"mx66l51235l"},
    	{"n25q064"},	{"n25q128a11"},	{"n25q128a13"},	{"n25q512a"},
    	{"s25fl256s1"},	{"s25fl512s"},	{"s25sl12801"},	{"s25fl008k"},
    	{"s25fl064k"},
    	{"sst25vf040b"},{"sst25vf016b"},{"sst25vf032b"},{"sst25wf040"},
    	{"m25p40"},	{"m25p80"},	{"m25p16"},	{"m25p32"},
    	{"m25p64"},	{"m25p128"},
    	{"w25x80"},	{"w25x32"},	{"w25q32"},	{"w25q32dw"},
    	{"w25q80bl"},	{"w25q128"},	{"w25q256"},
    
    	/* Flashes that can't be detected using JEDEC */
    	{"m25p05-nonjedec"},	{"m25p10-nonjedec"},	{"m25p20-nonjedec"},
    	{"m25p40-nonjedec"},	{"m25p80-nonjedec"},	{"m25p16-nonjedec"},
    	{"m25p32-nonjedec"},	{"m25p64-nonjedec"},	{"m25p128-nonjedec"},
    
    	/* Everspin MRAMs (non-JEDEC) */
    	{ "mr25h256" }, /* 256 Kib, 40 MHz */
    	{ "mr25h10" },  /*   1 Mib, 40 MHz */
    	{ "mr25h40" },  /*   4 Mib, 40 MHz */
    
    	{ },
    };

### 3.4 spi-nor 注册过程 ###

#### 3.4.1 m25p\_prob ####

源码：kernel/drivers/mtd/devices/m25p80.c

/*
     * board specific setup should have ensured the SPI clock used here
     * matches what the READ command supports, at least until this driver
     * understands FAST_READ (for clocks over 25 MHz).
     */
    static int m25p_probe(struct spi_device *spi)
    {
    	struct flash_platform_data	*data;
    	struct m25p *flash;
    	struct spi_nor *nor;
    	struct spi_nor_hwcaps hwcaps = {
    		.mask = SNOR_HWCAPS_READ |
    			SNOR_HWCAPS_READ_FAST |
    			SNOR_HWCAPS_PP,
    	};
    	char *flash_name;
    	int ret;
    
    	data = dev_get_platdata(&spi->dev);//获取平台数据，可为分区表
    
    	flash = devm_kzalloc(&spi->dev, sizeof(*flash), GFP_KERNEL);
    	if (!flash)
    		return -ENOMEM;
    
    	nor = &flash->spi_nor;
    
    //以下四个函数是最终的flash的读写函数，
    //其将调用控制器驱动函数，实现数据传输
    	/* install the hooks */
    	nor->read = m25p80_read;	//nor-flash的读函数
    	nor->write = m25p80_write;	//nor-flash的写函数
    	nor->write_reg = m25p80_write_reg;	//nor-flash写寄存器函数
    	nor->read_reg = m25p80_read_reg;	//nor-flash读寄存器函数
    
    	nor->dev = &spi->dev;
    	spi_nor_set_flash_node(nor, spi->dev.of_node);
    	nor->priv = flash;	//nor设备的私有数据
    
    	spi_set_drvdata(spi, flash);//配置spi设备的私有数据
    	flash->spi = spi;
    
    	if (spi->mode & SPI_RX_QUAD) {
    		hwcaps.mask |= SNOR_HWCAPS_READ_1_1_4;
    
    		if (spi->mode & SPI_TX_QUAD)
    			hwcaps.mask |= (SNOR_HWCAPS_READ_1_4_4 |
    					SNOR_HWCAPS_PP_1_1_4 |
    					SNOR_HWCAPS_PP_1_4_4);
    	} else if (spi->mode & SPI_RX_DUAL) {
    		hwcaps.mask |= SNOR_HWCAPS_READ_1_1_2;
    
    		if (spi->mode & SPI_TX_DUAL)
    			hwcaps.mask |= SNOR_HWCAPS_READ_1_2_2;
    	}
    
    	if (data && data->name)
    		nor->mtd.name = data->name;
    
    	/* For some (historical?) reason many platforms provide two different
    	 * names in flash_platform_data: "name" and "type". Quite often name is
    	 * set to "m25p80" and then "type" provides a real chip name.
    	 * If that's the case, respect "type" and ignore a "name".
    	 */
    	if (data && data->type)
    		flash_name = data->type;
    	else if (!strcmp(spi->modalias, "spi-nor"))
    		flash_name = NULL; /* auto-detect */
    	else
    		flash_name = spi->modalias;
    
    	//遍历该驱动支持的nor设备，以确认是否支持当前的设备
    	ret = spi_nor_scan(nor, flash_name, &hwcaps);//See：3.4.2
    	if (ret)
    		return ret;
    
    	//注册MTD设备，See：3.4.3
    	return mtd_device_register(&nor->mtd, data ? data->parts : NULL,
    				   data ? data->nr_parts : 0);
    }

#### 3.4.2 spi\_nor\_scan ####

该函数的主要功能是将驱动与设备匹配，配置好该设备的基本信息mtd\_info等，供后期mtd设备调用。  
源码：drivers/mtd/spi-nor.c

int spi_nor_scan(struct spi_nor *nor, const char *name,
    		 const struct spi_nor_hwcaps *hwcaps)
    {
    	struct spi_nor_flash_parameter params;
    	const struct flash_info *info = NULL;
    	struct device *dev = nor->dev;
    	struct mtd_info *mtd = &nor->mtd;
    	struct device_node *np = spi_nor_get_flash_node(nor);
    	int ret;
    	int i;
    
    	ret = spi_nor_check(nor);//检查读、写、擦除等基本功能函数是否实现
    	if (ret)
    		return ret;
    
    	/* Reset SPI protocol for all commands. */
    	nor->reg_proto = SNOR_PROTO_1_1_1;
    	nor->read_proto = SNOR_PROTO_1_1_1;
    	nor->write_proto = SNOR_PROTO_1_1_1;
    
    	if (name)	//指定设备名，则用设备名与驱动支持的设备进行匹配
    		info = spi_nor_match_id(name);
    	/* Try to auto-detect if chip name wasn't specified or not found */
    	if (!info)	//使用flash_id进行匹配
    		info = spi_nor_read_id(nor);//获取当前flash_id，与支持的id进行匹配
    	if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(info))
    		return -ENOENT;
    
    	/*
    	 * If caller has specified name of flash model that can normally be
    	 * detected using JEDEC, let's verify it.
    	 */
    	//存在设备名时，通过flash_id进行二次校验，确保驱动支持该当前flash
    	if (name && info->id_len) {
    		const struct flash_info *jinfo;
    
    		jinfo = spi_nor_read_id(nor);
    		if (IS_ERR(jinfo)) {
    			return PTR_ERR(jinfo);
    		} else if (jinfo != info) {
    			/*
    			 * JEDEC knows better, so overwrite platform ID. We
    			 * can't trust partitions any longer, but we'll let
    			 * mtd apply them anyway, since some partitions may be
    			 * marked read-only, and we don't want to lose that
    			 * information, even if it's not 100% accurate.
    			 */
    			dev_warn(dev, "found %s, expected %s\n",
    				 jinfo->name, info->name);
    			info = jinfo;
    		}
    	}
    
    /* …………………………..
    *…………………………..
    *…………………………..
    */
    //当前设备mtd_info初始化
    	if (!mtd->name)
    		mtd->name = dev_name(dev);
    	mtd->priv = nor;
    	mtd->type = MTD_NORFLASH;
    	mtd->writesize = 1;
    	mtd->flags = MTD_CAP_NORFLASH;
    	mtd->size = params.size;
    	mtd->_erase = spi_nor_erase;
    	mtd->_read = spi_nor_read;
    
    	/* NOR protection support for STmicro/Micron chips and similar */
    	if (JEDEC_MFR(info) == SNOR_MFR_MICRON ||
    			info->flags & SPI_NOR_HAS_LOCK) {
    		nor->flash_lock = stm_lock;
    		nor->flash_unlock = stm_unlock;
    		nor->flash_is_locked = stm_is_locked;
    	}
    
    	if (nor->flash_lock && nor->flash_unlock && nor->flash_is_locked) {
    		mtd->_lock = spi_nor_lock;
    		mtd->_unlock = spi_nor_unlock;
    		mtd->_is_locked = spi_nor_is_locked;
    	}
    
    	/* sst nor chips use AAI word program */
    	if (info->flags & SST_WRITE)
    		mtd->_write = sst_write;
    	else
    		mtd->_write = spi_nor_write;
    
    	if (info->flags & USE_FSR)
    		nor->flags |= SNOR_F_USE_FSR;
    	if (info->flags & SPI_NOR_HAS_TB)
    		nor->flags |= SNOR_F_HAS_SR_TB;
    	if (info->flags & NO_CHIP_ERASE)
    		nor->flags |= SNOR_F_NO_OP_CHIP_ERASE;
    	if (info->flags & USE_CLSR)
    		nor->flags |= SNOR_F_USE_CLSR;
    
    	if (info->flags & SPI_NOR_NO_ERASE)
    		mtd->flags |= MTD_NO_ERASE;
    
    	mtd->dev.parent = dev;
    	nor->page_size = params.page_size;
    	mtd->writebufsize = nor->page_size;
    
    /* …………………………..
    *…………………………..
    *…………………………..
    */
    
    	return 0;
    }

#### 3.4.3 mtd\_device\_register ####

该函数其实为一个宏，其定义如下：  
源码：include/linux/mtd/mtd.h

#define mtd_device_register(master, parts, nr_parts)	\
    	mtd_device_parse_register(master, NULL, NULL, parts, nr_parts)

该函数的主要功能是根据mtd设备提供的设备信息，结合分区表的信息，建立新分区的mtd\_info，添加到mtd\_device中，回调块设备的注册函数，注册相关的块设备。  
源码：drivers/mtd/mtdcore.c

int mtd_device_parse_register(struct mtd_info *mtd, const char * const *types,
    			      struct mtd_part_parser_data *parser_data,
    			      const struct mtd_partition *parts,
    			      int nr_parts)
    {
    	struct mtd_partitions parsed;
    	int ret;
    
    	mtd_set_dev_defaults(mtd);
    
    	memset(&parsed, 0, sizeof(parsed));
    
    	//解析分区表，See：4.2.1.1
    	ret = parse_mtd_partitions(mtd, types, &parsed, parser_data);
    	if ((ret < 0 || parsed.nr_parts == 0) && parts && nr_parts) {
    		/* Fall back to driver-provided partitions */
    		parsed = (struct mtd_partitions){
    			.parts		= parts,
    			.nr_parts	= nr_parts,
    		};
    	} else if (ret < 0) {
    		/* Didn't come up with parsed OR fallback partitions */
    	 pr_info("mtd: failed to find partitions; one or more parsers reports errors (%d)\n", ret);
    		/* Don't abort on errors; we can still use unpartitioned MTD */
    		memset(&parsed, 0, sizeof(parsed));
    	}
    
    	//添加设备分区信息，注册块设备及字符设备，See：4.2.3.1
    	ret = mtd_add_device_partitions(mtd, &parsed);
    	if (ret)
    		goto out;
    
    	/*
    	 * FIXME: some drivers unfortunately call this function more than once.
    	 * So we have to check if we've already assigned the reboot notifier.
    	 *
    	 * Generally, we can make multiple calls work for most cases, but it
    	 * does cause problems with parse_mtd_partitions() above (e.g.,
    	 * cmdlineparts will register partitions more than once).
    	 */
    	WARN_ONCE(mtd->_reboot && mtd->reboot_notifier.notifier_call,
    		  "MTD already registered\n");
    	if (mtd->_reboot && !mtd->reboot_notifier.notifier_call) {
    		mtd->reboot_notifier.notifier_call = mtd_reboot_notifier;
    		register_reboot_notifier(&mtd->reboot_notifier);
    	}
    
    out:
    	/* Cleanup any parsed partitions */
    	mtd_part_parser_cleanup(&parsed);
    	return ret;
    }

[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3UwMTM4MzY5MDk_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20220109/66ea6968e9e742d088d4da422e352b50.png