【英语学习】【科学】【Glencoe Science】【B】From Bacteria to Plants 目录及术语表

约定不等于承诺〃 2021-12-17 04:57 211阅读 0赞

本文是英语学习笔记，所有版权归原教材作者所有。

Glencoe Science模块系列教材，模块B - From Bacteria to Plants，2005版，215页。全书分为5大章（Chapter），每章由若干小节（Section）构成，各章后附有Study Guide，Review与Standardized Test Practice。

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQzNDAxODA4_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

**Cover Description: **Lichens and club fungi are growing on the bark of this tree. In some cases, the two organisms that make up a lichen can live separately, but look very different than the lichen. Club fungi are saprobe (*sapro- "putrid, rotten" + be*), which play a vital role in the decomposition of litter, wood, and dung.

# 简要目录（Simple Contents） #

# Chapter 1: Bacteria #

# Chapter 2: Protists and Fungi #

# Chapter 3: Plants #

# Chapter 4: Plant Reproduction #

# Chpater 5: Plant Processes #

# **详细目录（Detailed Contents）** #

# Chapter 1: Bacteria #

*  ## Section 1: What are bacteria? ##
 *  ## Section 2: Bacteria in Your Life ##

# Chapter 2: Protists and Fungi #

*  ## Section 1: Protists ##
 *  ## Section 2: Fungi ##

# Chapter 3: Plants #

*  ## Section 1: An Overview of Plant ##
 *  ## Section 2: Seedless Plants ##
 *  ## Section 3: Seed Plants ##

# Chapter 4: Plant Reproduction #

*  ## Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction ##
 *  ## Section 2: Seedless Reproduction ##
 *  ## Section 3: Seed Reproduction ##

# Chpater 5: Plant Processes #

*  ## Section 1: Photosynthesis and Respiration ##
 *  ## Section 2: Plant Responses ##

# **术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）** #

1.  **10: aerobe: **any organism that uses oxygen for respiration.
2.  **33: algae: **chlorophyll-containing, plantlike protists that produce oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. 
3.  **10: anaerobe: **any organism that is able to live without oxygen.
4.  **79: angiosperms: **flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots. 
5.  **15: antibiotics: **chemicals produced by some bateria that are used to limit the growth of other bateria. 
6.  **46: ascus:** (from Greek *askos* ‘bag’) saclike, spore-producing structure of sac fungi. 
7.  **136: auxin: **plant hormone that causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms. 
8.  **46: basidium:** (from Greek *basidion*, diminutive of *basis* 'stepping')** **club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores. 
9.  **45: budding: **from of asexual reproduction in which a new, genetically-identical organsim forms on the side of its parent. 
10. **77: cambium: **(from medieval Latin, ‘change, exchange’) vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows. 
11. **64: cellulose: **(from *cellule* ‘small cell’ + -*ose* 'sugar') chemical compound made out of sugar; forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of many plants and provides structure and support. 
12. **126: chlorophyll: **green, light-trapping pigments in plant chloroplasts that is important in photosynthesis. 
13. **37: cilia: **in protists, short, threadlike structures that extend from the cell membrane of a ciliate and enable the organism to move quickly. 
14. **64: cuticle: **waxy, protective layer that covers the stems, leaves, and flowers of many plants and helps prevent water loss. 
15. **138: day-neutral plant: **plant that doesn't require a specific photoperiod and can begin flowering process over a range of night lengths. 
16. **80: dicot: **angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiple of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings. (cotyledon - from Greek *kotulēdōn* ‘cup-shaped cavity’, from *kotulē* ‘cup’)
17. **19: endospore: **thick-walled, protective structure produced by some bateria when conditions are unfavorable for survival. 
18. **16: fission: **simplest form of asexual reproduction in which two new cells are produced with genetic material identical to each other and identical to the previous cell. 
19. **15,34: flagellum: **long, thin whiplike structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings. 
20. **100: frond: **(from Latin *frons*, *frond-* ‘leaf’) leaf of a fern that grows from the rhizome. (from *rhizousthai* ‘take root’, based on *rhiza* ‘root’)
21. **97: gametophyte:** (from *gameto- '*marriage, wife, husband' *+ phyte '*plant*'*)** **plant life cycle stage that begins when cells in reproductive organs undergo meiosis and produce haploid cells (spores). 
22. **112: germination: **series of events that results in the growth of a plant from a seed. 
23. **75: guard cells: **pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing. 
24. **78: gymnosperms: **vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that are not protected by fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. 
25. **44: hyphae:** (from Greek *huphē* ‘web’)** **mass of many-celled, threadlike tubes forming the body of a fungus. 
26. **48: ****lichen: **(from Latin *līchēn* “ringworm”) organism made up of a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium. 
27. **138: long-day plant: **plant that generally requires short nights --- less than ten to 12 hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process. 
28. **80: monocot: **angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem. 
29. **48: mycorrhizae:** (from myco- ‘of fungi’ + Greek *rhiza* ‘root’) network of hyphae and plant roots that helps plants absorb water and minerals from soil. 
30. **16: nitrogen-fixing bacteria: **bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air into forms that can be used by plants and animals. 
31. **67: nonvascular plant: **plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures. 
32. **107: ovary: **swollen base of an angiosperm's pistil, where egg-producing ovules are found. 
33. **105: ovule: **in seed plants, the female reproductive part that produces eggs.
34. **19: pathogen: **disease-producing organisms.
35. **77: phloem: **vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant. 
36. **138: photoperiodism: **a plant's response to the lengths of daylight and darkness each day.
37. **127: photosynthesis: **process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen. 
38. **69: pioneer species: **first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas; break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow.
39. **107: pistil: **female reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of a sticky stigma, where pollen grains land, and an ovary. 
40. **103: pollen grain: **small structure produced by the male reproductive organs of a seed plant; has a water-resistant coat, can develop from a spore, and contains gametophyte parts that will produce sperm. 
41. **103: pollination: **transfer of pollen grains to the female part of a seed plant by agents such as gravity, water, wind, and animals.
42. **100: prothallus: **(from *pro-* ‘before, earlier’ + Greek *thallos* ‘green shoot’) small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte plant form of a fern that can make its own food and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. 
43. **32: protist: **one- or many-celled eukaryotic organism that can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike.
44. **37: protozoan: **one-celled, animal-like protist that can live in water, soil, and living and dead organisms.
45. **38: pseudopods: **temporary cytoplasmic extensions used by some protists to move about and trap food. 
46. **129: respiration: **series of chemical reactions used to release energy stored in food molecules. 
47. **68: rhizoids: **threadlike structures that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground.
48. **100: rhizome:** (from *rhizousthai* ‘take root’, based on *rhiza* ‘root’)** **underground stem. 
49. **16: saprophyte: **organisms that uses dead organisms as a food source and helps recycle nutrients so they are available for use by other organisms. (*also see p44*)
50. **138: short-day plant: **plant that generally requires long nights --- 12 or more hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.
51. **100: sorus/sori:** (from Greek *sōros* ‘heap’) fern structures in which spores are produced.
52. **47: sporangium: **round spore case of a zygote fungus. 
53. **45: spore(s): **waterproof reproductive cell of a fungus that can grow into a new organism; in plants, haploid cells produced in the gametophyte stage that can divide by mitosis to form plant structures or an entire new plant or can develop into sex cells. (*also see p97*)
54. **97: sporophyte: **plant life cycle stage that begins when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. 
55. **107: stamen: **male reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of an anther, where pollen grains form, and a filament. 
56. **75: stomata: **tiny openings in a plant's epidermis through which carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen enter and exit. 
57. **19: toxin: **poisonous substance produced by some pathgens. 
58. **134: tropism: **positive or negative response to an external stimulus such as touch, light, and gravity.
59. **21: vaccine: **preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls or viruses that can prevent some bacterial and viral diseases.
60. **67: vascular plant: **plant with tubelike structures that move minerals, water, and other substances throughout the plant. 
61. **78: xylem: **vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout a plant.

# 术语表（Glossary in Page Order） #

<table> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:48pt;">Index</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:48pt;">Page</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:119pt;">Terminology</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">Description</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">1</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;aerobe</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;any organism that uses oxygen for respiration.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">3</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;anaerobe</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;any organism that is able to live without oxygen.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">5</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">15</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;antibiotics</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;chemicals produced by some bateria that are used to limit the growth of other bateria.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">19</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">15</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;flagellum</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;long, thin whiplike structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings.&nbsp;(also see p34)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">18</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">16</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;fission</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;simplest form of asexual reproduction in which two new cells are produced with genetic material identical to each other and identical to the previous cell.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">30</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">16</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;nitrogen-fixing bacteria</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air into forms that can be used by plants and animals.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">49</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">16</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;saprophyte</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;organisms that uses dead organisms as a food source and helps recycle nutrients so they are available for use by other organisms. (also see p44)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">17</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">19</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;endospore</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;thick-walled, protective structure produced by some bateria when conditions are unfavorable for survival.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">34</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">19</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;pathogen</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;disease-producing organisms.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">57</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">19</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;toxin</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;poisonous substance produced by some pathgens.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">59</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">21</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;vaccine</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls or viruses that can prevent some bacterial and viral diseases.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">43</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">32</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;protist</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;one- or many-celled eukaryotic organism that can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">2</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">33</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;algae</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;chlorophyll-containing, plantlike protists that produce oxygen as a result of photosynthesis.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">13</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">37</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;cilia</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;in protists, short, threadlike structures that extend from the cell membrane of a ciliate and enable the organism to move quickly.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">44</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">37</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;protozoan</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;one-celled, animal-like protist that can live in water, soil, and living and dead organisms.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">45</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">38</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;pseudopods</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;temporary cytoplasmic extensions used by some protists to move about and trap food.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">25</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">44</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;hyphae</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;huphē&nbsp;‘web’)&nbsp;mass of many-celled, threadlike tubes forming the body of a fungus.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">9</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">45</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;budding</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;from of asexual reproduction in which a new, genetically-identical organsim forms on the side of its parent.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">53</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">45</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;spore(s)</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;waterproof reproductive cell of a fungus that can grow into a new organism; in plants, haploid cells produced in the gametophyte stage that can divide by mitosis to form plant structures or an entire new plant or can develop into sex cells. (also see p97)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">6</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">46</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;ascus</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;askos&nbsp;‘bag’) saclike, spore-producing structure of sac fungi.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">8</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">46</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;basidium</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;basidion, diminutive of&nbsp;basis&nbsp;'stepping')&nbsp;club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">52</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">47</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;sporangium</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;round spore case of a zygote fungus.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">26</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;lichen</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from Latin&nbsp;līchēn&nbsp;“ringworm”) organism made up of a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">29</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;mycorrhizae</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;myco-&nbsp;‘of fungi’ + Greek&nbsp;rhiza&nbsp;‘root’) network of hyphae and plant roots that helps plants absorb water and minerals from soil.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">11</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">64</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;cellulose</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;cellule&nbsp;‘small cell’ +&nbsp;-ose 'sugar') chemical compound made out of sugar; forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of many plants and provides structure and support.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">14</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">64</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;cuticle</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;waxy, protective layer that covers the stems, leaves, and flowers of many plants and helps prevent water loss.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">31</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">67</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;nonvascular plant</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">60</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">67</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;vascular plant</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;plant with tubelike structures that move minerals, water, and other substances throughout the plant.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">47</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">68</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;rhizoids</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;threadlike structures that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">38</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">69</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;pioneer species</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas; break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow.</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">23</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">75</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;guard cells</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">56</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">75</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;stomata</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;tiny openings in a plant's epidermis through which carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen enter and exit.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">10</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">77</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;cambium</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from medieval Latin, ‘change, exchange’) vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">35</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">77</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;phloem</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">24</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">78</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;gymnosperms</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that are not protected by fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">61</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">78</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;xylem</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout a plant.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">4</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">79</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;angiosperms</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">16</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">80</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;dicot</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiple of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings. (cotyledon - from Greek&nbsp;kotulēdōn&nbsp;‘cup-shaped cavity’, from&nbsp;kotulē&nbsp;‘cup’)</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">28</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">80</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;monocot</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem.&nbsp;</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">21</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">97</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;gametophyte</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from gameto- 'marriage, wife, husband' + phyte 'plant')&nbsp;plant life cycle stage that begins when cells in reproductive organs undergo meiosis and produce haploid cells (spores).&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">54</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">97</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;sporophyte</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;plant life cycle stage that begins when an egg is fertilized by a sperm.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">20</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">100</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;frond</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from Latin&nbsp;frons,&nbsp;frond-&nbsp;‘leaf’) leaf of a fern that grows from the rhizome. (from&nbsp;rhizousthai&nbsp;‘take root’, based on&nbsp;rhiza&nbsp;‘root’)</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">42</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">100</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;prothallus</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;pro-&nbsp;‘before, earlier’ + Greek&nbsp;thallos&nbsp;‘green shoot’) small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte plant form of a fern that can make its own food and absorb water and nutrients from the soil.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">48</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">100</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;rhizome</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from&nbsp;rhizousthai&nbsp;‘take root’, based on&nbsp;rhiza&nbsp;‘root’)&nbsp;underground stem.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">51</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">100</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;sorus/sori</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;(from Greek&nbsp;sōros&nbsp;‘heap’) fern structures in which spores are produced.</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">40</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">103</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;pollen grain</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;small structure produced by the male reproductive organs of a seed plant; has a water-resistant coat, can develop from a spore, and contains gametophyte parts that will produce sperm.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">41</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">103</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;pollination</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;transfer of pollen grains to the female part of a seed plant by agents such as gravity, water, wind, and animals.</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">33</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">105</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;ovule</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;in seed plants, the female reproductive part that produces eggs.</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">32</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">107</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;ovary</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;swollen base of an angiosperm's pistil, where egg-producing ovules are found.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">39</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">107</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;pistil</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;female reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of a sticky stigma, where pollen grains land, and an ovary.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">55</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">107</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;stamen</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;male reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of an anther, where pollen grains form, and a filament.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">22</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">112</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;germination</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;series of events that results in the growth of a plant from a seed.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">12</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">126</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;chlorophyll</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;green, light-trapping pigments in plant chloroplasts that is important in photosynthesis.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">37</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">127</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;photosynthesis</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">46</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">129</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;respiration</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;series of chemical reactions used to release energy stored in food molecules.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">58</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">134</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;tropism</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;positive or negative response to an external stimulus such as touch, light, and gravity.</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">7</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">136</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;auxin</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;plant hormone that causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">15</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">138</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;day-neutral plant</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;plant that doesn't require a specific photoperiod and can begin flowering process over a range of night lengths.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">27</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">138</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;long-day plant</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;plant that generally requires short nights --- less than ten to 12 hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.&nbsp;</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">36</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">138</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;photoperiodism</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;a plant's response to the lengths of daylight and darkness each day.</td> 
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 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">50</td> 
 <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">138</td> 
 <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">&nbsp;short-day plant</td> 
 <td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:431pt;">&nbsp;plant that generally requires long nights --- 12 or more hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.</td> 
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 </tbody> 
</table>

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