python中的文件以及上下文管理器

雨点打透心脏的1/2处 2021-12-13 04:38 297阅读 0赞

## 1.纯文本文件的读写 ##

打开文件的步骤：打开 --> 操作 --> 关闭

注意：文件的描述符是固定的，所以打开文件操作完成后要关闭，可用sysctl -a | grep file查看系统的文件描述符。

> r:(默认)\*\*  
> \-只能读，不能写  
> \-读取的文件不存在，会报错  
> r+:  
> \-可读写  
> \-文件不存在，报错  
> \-默认从文件指针所在位置开始写入  
> w:  
> \-只能写  
> \-会清空文件之前的内容  
> \-文件不存在，不会报错，会创建新的文件并写入  
> w+:  
> \-可读写  
> \-会清空文件内容  
> \-文件不存在，不会报错，会创建新的文件并写入  
> a:  
> \-只能写  
> \-文件不存在，不报错  
> \-不会清空文件内容  
> a+:  
> \-可读写  
> \-文件不存在，不报错  
> \-不会清空文件内容

验证:

首先将/etc/passwd文件copy到/tmp/passwd

**1.r（默认）**

可读

f = open('/tmp/passwd','r')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
不可写：

f = open('/tmp/passwd','r')
    f.write('python')
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]  
文件不存在报错

f = open('/tmp/passwd1','r')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]  
2.r+  
可读写，默认从指针所在位置写

f = open('/tmp/passwd','r+')
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.readable())
    content = f.read()
    f.write('python')
    print(content)
    print(f.tell())   #指针所在位置
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 4]

文件不存在报错

f = open('/tmp/passwd1','r+')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]

3.w  
只能写，会清空文件之前的内容

f = open('/tmp/passwd','w')
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.readable())
    f.write('python')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 6]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190717112020595.png]

文件不存在，不会报错，会创建新的文件并写入

f = open('/tmp/passwd1','w')
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.readable())
    f.write('python')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 7]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190717112259739.png]  
4.w+  
可读写,会清空文件内容;文件不存在，不会报错，会创建新的文件并写入

f = open('/tmp/passwd1','w+')
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.readable())
    f.write('hello')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 8]  
![在这里插入图片描述][2019071711315537.png]  
5.a(追加，写到结尾)  
只能写,不会清空文件内容

f = open('/tmp/passwd','a')
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.readable())
    f.write('hello')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 9]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 10]  
文件不存在，不报错，不会清空文件内容

f = open('/tmp/passwd1','a')
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.readable())
    f.write('hello')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 11]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190717113821416.png]

6.a+  
可读写

f = open('/tmp/passwd','a+')
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.readable())
    f.write('westos')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 12]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 13]

文件不存在，不报错,不会清空文件内容

f = open('/tmp/passwd1','a+')
    print(f.writable())
    print(f.readable())
    f.write('westos')
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 14]![在这里插入图片描述][20190717114141971.png]

## 2.文件的读取 ##

读取/tmp/file文件,并以二进制形式输出（写在一起）

f = open('/tmp/file','rb+')
    print(f.read())
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 15]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190717115601437.png]  
读取文件内容，返回文件中第一行的内容，并以二进制形式输出（显示第一行）

f = open('/tmp/file','rb+')
    print(f.readline())
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 16]  
readlines():读取文件内容，返回一个列表，列表里的元素分别为文件每行的内容

f = open('/tmp/file','rb+')
    print(f.readlines())
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 17]  
注意：默认情况下读取文件的所有内容，小文件可以直接用read读取，如果是大文件（文件大小>内存大小），不能通过read一次性读取所有内容

f = open('/tmp/passwd','r+')
    print(f.read(4))
    print(f.readline(),end='')
    
    # print([line.strip() for line in f.readlines()])
    print(list(map(lambda x:x.strip(),f.readlines())))

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 18]![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 19]

**seek方法，移动指针**

> seek第一个参数是偏移量：>0,代表向右移动，<0，代表向左移动  
> seek第二个参数是：  
> 0:移动指针到文件开头  
> 1:不移动指针  
> 2:移动指针到末尾

f = open('/tmp/passwd','r+')
    # print(f.tell())             #初始位置为开头0
    # print(f.write('redhat'))    #写入6个字符指针停在6位置
    
    print(f.tell())
    print(f.read())
    f.seek(0,2)
    print(f.tell())
    print(f.read())
    
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 20]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 21]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 22]  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 23]

## 非纯文本文件读取–读取二进制文件 ##

图片、视频都是二进制文件，此时需要是要二进制文件读取方式

读取二进制文件  
rb rb+ wb wb+ ab ab+

实现二进制文件的复制，在当前文件夹下复制redhat.jpg为hello.jpg

f = open('redhat.jpg',mode='rb')
    content = f.read()
    f.close()
    
    f1 = open('hello.jpg',mode='wb')
    f1.write(content)
    f1.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 24]

## 4.上下文管理器 ##

使用上下文管理器可以不使用open和close

with open('/tmp/passwd') as f:
        print(f.read())

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 25]

举例说明如何将/tmp/passwd中的内容移动至新的文件中

with open('/tmp/passwd') as f1,\
        open('/tmp/passwd1','w+') as f2:
        f2.write(f1.read())
        f2.seek(0,0)
        print(f2.read())

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 26]

练习：

创建文件data.txt，共100000行，每行存放一个1～100之间的整数

import random
    
    f = open('data.txt','w+')
    for i in range(100000):
        f.write(str(random.randint(1,100)) + '\n')
    f.seek(0,0)
    print(f.read())
    f.close()

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 27]

练习：

1.  在当前目录新建目录img, 里面包含100个文件, 100个文件名  
    各不相同(X4G5.png)
2.  将当前img目录所有以.png结尾的后缀名改为.jpg.

import random
    import string
    import os
    from os.path import splitext
    
    def gen_code(len=4):
        #随机生成4位验证码
        li = random.sample(string.ascii_letters+string.digits,len)
        #拼接为字符串
        return ''.join(li)
    
    def create_files():
        #随机生成100个验证码
        li = [gen_code() for i in range(100)]
        os.mkdir('img')
        for i in li:
            os.mknod('img/' + i + '.png')
    
    create_files()
    
    def modify_suffix(dirname,old_suffix,new_suffix):
        #找出以png结尾的文件名
        # pngfile = [filename for filename in os.listdir(dirname) if filename.endswith(old_suffix)]
        pngfile = filter(lambda filename:filename.endswith(old_suffix),os.listdir(dirname))
    
        #分离文件名和后缀
        basefiles = [os.path.splitext(filename)[0] for filename in pngfile]
    
        #文件重命名
        for filename in basefiles:
            # print(filename)
            oldname = os.path.join(dirname,filename + old_suffix)
            newname = os.path.join(dirname,filename + new_suffix)
            os.rename(oldname,newname)
            print('%s重命名为%s成功' %(oldname,newname))
    
    modify_suffix('img','.png','.jpg')

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 28]

2.京东二面笔试题

1.  生成一个大文件ips.txt,要求1200行  
    每行随机为172.25.254.0/24段的ip;
2.  读取ips.txt文件统计这个文件中ip出现频率排前10的ip;

import random
    
    def create_ip(filename):
        ip = ['172.25.254.' + str(i) for i in range(1,255)]
    # print(random.sample(ip,1))
        with open(filename,'a+') as f:
            for i in range(1200):
                f.write(random.sample(ip,1)[0] + '\n')
    create_ip('ips.txt')
    
    def sorted_by_ip(filename,count=10):
        ips_dict = dict()
        with open(filename) as f:
            for ip in f:
                ip = ip.strip()
                if ip in ips_dict:
                    ips_dict[ip] += 1
                else:
                    ips_dict[ip] = 1
        sorted_ip = sorted(ips_dict.items(),key=lambda x:x[1],reverse=True)[:count]
    
        return sorted_ip
    
    print(sorted_by_ip('ips.txt'))

![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 29]![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 30]  
![在这里插入图片描述][20190717153531549.png]  
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[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20211210/849221d4e85142aa8333bac304f00edb.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: /images/20211210/a588b79c450241b79bbfb4b66d0e2d26.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]: /images/20211210/02893c9df05e48bdb1371062997d5ce5.png
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[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80NDg4OTYxNg_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 5]: /images/20211210/deda54b6923f4521a1fd569d518bb907.png
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[20190717112020595.png]: /images/20211210/7cb833bbb23243a2ba33782c65e84a0e.png
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[20190717112259739.png]: /images/20211210/cd1bdbf42f3143029d8e43538b9acabd.png
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[2019071711315537.png]: /images/20211210/3575d7b8fcb742b4bbba44418355f408.png
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