自然语言处理中的文本分类

约定不等于承诺〃 2021-09-18 03:10 509阅读 0赞

声明：代码的运行环境为Python3。Python3与Python2在一些细节上会有所不同，希望广大读者注意。本博客以代码为主，代码中会有详细的注释。相关文章将会发布在我的个人博客专栏[《Python自然语言处理》][Python]，欢迎大家关注。

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1、首先来看一个使用朴素贝叶斯分类器对性别进行分类鉴定的例子。

# 构造特征提取器
    def gender_features(word):  # 提取出字符串的最后一个字母
        return {'last_letter': word[-1]}
    
    names_set = ([(name, 'male') for name in names.words('male.txt')] +
                 [(name, 'female') for name in names.words('female.txt')])  # 获取语料库中人名的名称及性别
    
    print(names_set[:10])
    random.shuffle(names_set)  # 随机打乱names_set中的名字
    print(names_set[:10])
    
    featuresets = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in names_set]  # 选取特征集合
    train_set, test_set = featuresets[500:], featuresets[:500]  # 抽取训练数据和测试数据
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)  # 朴素贝叶斯分类器
    # 测试
    classifier.classify(gender_features('Neo'))
    classifier.classify(gender_features('Trinity'))

查看测试结果：

'male'
    'female'

2、计算分类的正确率以及最有效的特征

# 分类正确率判断
    print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))
    
    0.768
    
    # 最有效的特征
    classifier.show_most_informative_features(5)  # 输出5个最有效的特征
    
    Most Informative Features
                 last_letter = 'a'            female : male   =     40.2 : 1.0
                 last_letter = 'k'              male : female =     30.8 : 1.0
                 last_letter = 'f'              male : female =     16.6 : 1.0
                 last_letter = 'p'              male : female =     11.9 : 1.0
                 last_letter = 'v'              male : female =      9.8 : 1.0

3、当数据量很大时可以用如下方法进行数据集的划分。

# 大型数据时的数据集划分
    from nltk.classify import apply_features
    
    train_set = apply_features(gender_features, names_set[500:])
    test_set = apply_features(gender_features, names_set[:500])

4、贝叶斯公式及代码实现。

贝叶斯公式如下图所示：

![20190223135420415.png][]

贝叶斯分类器为：

![20190223135503460.png][]

用代码的形式实现贝叶斯分类器：

# 手动计算贝叶斯分类器
    # 计算P(特征|类别)
    def f_c(data, fea, cla):
        cfd = nltk.ConditionalFreqDist((classes, features) for (features, classes) in data)
        return cfd[cla].freq(fea)
    
    # 计算P(特征)
    def p_feature(data, fea):
        fd = nltk.FreqDist(fea for (fea, cla) in data)
        return fd.freq(fea)
    
    # 计算P(类别)
    def p_class(data, cla):
        fd = nltk.FreqDist(cla for (fea, cla) in data)
        return fd.freq(cla)
    
    # 计算P(类别│特征)
    def res(data, fea, cla):
        return f_c(data, fea, cla) * p_class(data, cla) / p_feature(data, fea)

测试贝叶斯公式：

# 构造输入数据集
    data = ([(name[-1], 'male') for name in names.words('male.txt')] +
            [(name[-1], 'female') for name in names.words('female.txt')])
    random.shuffle(data)
    train, test = data[500:], data[:500]
    
    # 计算Neo的为男性的概率
    res(train, 'k', 'male')
    res(train, 'a', 'female')

测试结果为：

0.955223880597015
    0.9829612220916567

5、选择正确的特征。

（1）过度拟合

# 过度拟合
    def gender_features2(name):
        features = {}
        features["firstletter"] = name[0].lower()
        features["lastletter"] = name[-1].lower()
        for letter in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
            features["count(%s)" % letter] = name.lower().count(letter)
            features["has(%s)" % letter] = (letter in name.lower())
        return features
    
    featuresets = [(gender_features2(n), g) for (n, g) in names_set]
    train_set, test_set = featuresets[500:], featuresets[:500]
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))

结果：

0.76

（2）划分数据集，重新测试

# 数据划分为训练集、开发测试集、测试集
    train_names = names_set[1500:]
    devtest_names = names_set[500:1500]
    test_names = names_set[:500]
    
    # 重新训练模型
    train_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in train_names]
    devtest_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in devtest_names]
    test_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in test_names]
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, devtest_set))

测试结果：

0.761

（3）将测试出错的元素打印出来

# 打印错误列表
    errors = []
    for (name, tag) in devtest_names:
        guess = classifier.classify(gender_features(name))
        if guess != tag:
            errors.append((tag, guess, name))
    
    for (tag, guess, name) in sorted(errors):  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
        print('correct=%-8s guess=%-8s name=%-30s' % (tag, guess, name))

结果：

correct=female   guess=male     name=Adelind                       
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Aeriel                        
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Aeriell                       
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Ag                            
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Aidan                         
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Allsun                        
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Anabel                        
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Ardelis                       
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Aryn                          
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Betteann                      
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Bill                          
    correct=female   guess=male     name=Blondell

（4）重构特征，进行训练

# 重新构建特征
    def gender_features(word):
        return {'suffix1': word[-1:],
                'suffix2': word[-2:]}
    
    
    # 重新训练模型
    train_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in train_names]
    devtest_set = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in devtest_names]
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, devtest_set))

测试结果：

0.791

6、文档分类

from nltk.corpus import movie_reviews
    
    documents = [(list(movie_reviews.words(fileid)), category)
                 for category in movie_reviews.categories()
                 for fileid in movie_reviews.fileids(category)]
    random.shuffle(documents)
    
    # 文档分类特征提取器
    all_words = nltk.FreqDist(w.lower() for w in movie_reviews.words())
    word_features = all_words.most_common()[:2000]
    
    
    def document_features(document):
        document_words = set(document)
        features = {}
        for (word, freq) in word_features:
            features['contains(%s)' % word] = (word in document_words)
        return features
    
    
    print(document_features(movie_reviews.words('pos/cv957_8737.txt')))
    
    # 构造分类器
    featuresets = [(document_features(d), c) for (d, c) in documents]
    train_set, test_set = featuresets[100:], featuresets[:100]
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))
    print(classifier.show_most_informative_features(5))

测试结果：

0.86
    
    Most Informative Features
       contains(outstanding) = True              pos : neg    =     10.4 : 1.0
            contains(seagal) = True              neg : pos    =      8.7 : 1.0
             contains(mulan) = True              pos : neg    =      8.1 : 1.0
       contains(wonderfully) = True              pos : neg    =      6.3 : 1.0
             contains(damon) = True              pos : neg    =      5.7 : 1.0
    None

7、词性标注

# 词性标注
    from nltk.corpus import brown
    
    suffix_fdist = nltk.FreqDist()
    for word in brown.words():
        word = word.lower()
        suffix_fdist[word[-1:]] += 1
        suffix_fdist[word[-2:]] += 1
        suffix_fdist[word[-3:]] += 1
    common_suffixes = suffix_fdist.most_common()[:100]
    print(common_suffixes)
    
    
    # 定义特征提取器
    def pos_features(word):
        features = {}
        for (suffix, freq) in common_suffixes:
            features['endswith(%s)' % suffix] = word.lower().endswith(suffix)
        return features
    
    
    # 训练分类器
    tagged_words = brown.tagged_words(categories='news')
    featuresets = [(pos_features(n), g) for (n, g) in tagged_words]
    size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
    train_set, test_set = featuresets[:1000], featuresets[2000:3000]
    classifier = nltk.DecisionTreeClassifier.train(train_set)
    print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))
    print(classifier.classify(pos_features('cats')))

结果：

0.611
    NNS

决策树输出：

# 决策树输出
    print(classifier.pseudocode(depth=4))

输出结果：

if endswith(he) == False: 
      if endswith(s) == False: 
        if endswith(.) == False: 
          if endswith(of) == False: return 'CD'
          if endswith(of) == True: return 'IN'
        if endswith(.) == True: return '.'
      if endswith(s) == True: 
        if endswith(as) == False: 
          if endswith('s) == False: return 'NPS'
          if endswith('s) == True: return 'NN$'
        if endswith(as) == True: 
          if endswith(was) == False: return 'CS'
          if endswith(was) == True: return 'BEDZ'
    if endswith(he) == True: 
      if endswith(the) == False: return 'PPS'
      if endswith(the) == True: return 'AT'

8、根据上下文构造特征提取器

# 根据上下文构造特征提取器
    def pos_features(sentence, i):
        features = {"suffix(1)": sentence[i][-1:],
                    "suffix(2)": sentence[i][-2:],
                    "suffix(3)": sentence[i][-3:]}
        if i == 0:
            features["prev-word"] = "<START>"
        else:
            features["prev-word"] = sentence[i - 1]
        return features
    
    
    pos_features(brown.sents()[0], 8)
    
    tagged_sents = brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
    featuresets = []
    for tagged_sent in tagged_sents:
        untagged_sent = nltk.tag.untag(tagged_sent)
        for i, (word, tag) in enumerate(tagged_sent):
            featuresets.append((pos_features(untagged_sent, i), tag))
    size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
    train_set, test_set = featuresets[size:], featuresets[:size]
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set)

结果：

0.7891596220785678

9、序列分类

# 序列分类
    
    # 定义特征提取器
    def pos_features(sentence, i, history):
        features = {"suffix(1)": sentence[i][-1:],
                    "suffix(2)": sentence[i][-2:],
                    "suffix(3)": sentence[i][-3:]}
        if i == 0:
            features["prev-word"] = "<START>"
            features["prev-tag"] = "<START>"
        else:
            features["prev-word"] = sentence[i - 1]
            features["prev-tag"] = history[i - 1]
        return features
    
    
    # 构建序列分类器
    class ConsecutivePosTagger(nltk.TaggerI):
        def __init__(self, train_sents):
            train_set = []
            for tagged_sent in train_sents:
                untagged_sent = nltk.tag.untag(tagged_sent)
                history = []
                for i, (word, tag) in enumerate(tagged_sent):
                    featureset = pos_features(untagged_sent, i, history)
                    train_set.append((featureset, tag))
                    history.append(tag)
            self.classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    
        def tag(self, sentence):
            history = []
            for i, word in enumerate(sentence):
                featureset = pos_features(sentence, i, history)
                tag = self.classifier.classify(featureset)
                history.append(tag)
            return zip(sentence, history)
    
    
    tagged_sents = brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
    size = int(len(tagged_sents) * 0.1)
    train_sents, test_sents = tagged_sents[size:], tagged_sents[:size]
    tagger = ConsecutivePosTagger(train_sents)
    print(tagger.evaluate(test_sents))

结果：

0.7980528511821975

10、句子分割

# 句子分割
    
    # 获取已分割的句子数据
    sents = nltk.corpus.treebank_raw.sents()
    tokens = []
    boundaries = set()
    offset = 0
    for sent in nltk.corpus.treebank_raw.sents():
        tokens.extend(sent)
        offset += len(sent)
        boundaries.add(offset - 1)
    
    
    # 定义特征提取器
    def punct_features(tokens, i):
        return {'next-word-capitalized': tokens[i + 1][0].isupper(),
                'prevword': tokens[i - 1].lower(),
                'punct': tokens[i],
                'prev-word-is-one-char': len(tokens[i - 1]) == 1}
    
    
    # 定义标注
    featuresets = [(punct_features(tokens, i), (i in boundaries))
                   for i in range(1, len(tokens) - 1)
                   if tokens[i] in '.?!']
    
    # 构建分类器
    size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
    train_set, test_set = featuresets[size:], featuresets[:size]
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set)

结果：

0.936026936026936

基于分类的断句器：

# 基于分类的断句器
    def segment_sentences(words):
        start = 0
        sents = []
        for i, word in words:
            if word in '.?!' and classifier.classify(words, i) == True:
                sents.append(words[start:i + 1])
                start = i + 1
        if start < len(words):
            sents.append(words[start:])

11、识别对话行为类型

# 识别对话行为类型
    posts = nltk.corpus.nps_chat.xml_posts()[:10000]
    
    # 定义特征提取器
    def dialogue_act_features(post):
        features = {}
        for word in nltk.word_tokenize(post):
            features['contains(%s)' % word.lower()] = True
        return features
    
    
    # 训练分类器
    featuresets = [(dialogue_act_features(post.text), post.get('class'))
                   for post in posts]
    size = int(len(featuresets) * 0.1)
    train_set, test_set = featuresets[size:], featuresets[:size]
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    print(nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))

结果：

0.668

12、评估

（1）准确度

####评估####
    # 创建训练集与测试集
    import random
    from nltk.corpus import brown
    
    tagged_sents = list(brown.tagged_sents(categories='news'))
    random.shuffle(tagged_sents)
    size = int(len(tagged_sents) * 0.1)
    train_set, test_set = tagged_sents[size:], tagged_sents[:size]
    
    # 使用同类型文件
    file_ids = brown.fileids(categories='news')
    size = int(len(file_ids) * 0.1)
    train_set = brown.tagged_sents(file_ids[size:])
    test_set = brown.tagged_sents(file_ids[:size])
    
    # 使用不同类型文件
    train_set = brown.tagged_sents(categories='news')
    test_set = brown.tagged_sents(categories='fiction')
    
    ##准确度##
    names_set = ([(name, 'male') for name in names.words('male.txt')] +
                 [(name, 'female') for name in names.words('female.txt')])
    random.shuffle(names_set)
    
    featuresets = [(gender_features(n), g) for (n, g) in names_set]
    train_set, test_set = featuresets[500:], featuresets[:500]
    classifier = nltk.NaiveBayesClassifier.train(train_set)
    print('Accuracy: %4.2f' % nltk.classify.accuracy(classifier, test_set))

结果：

Accuracy: 0.78

（2）精确度与召回率

##精准度与召回率##
    from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
    
    test_set_fea = [features for (features, gender) in test_set]
    test_set_gen = [gender for (features, gender) in test_set]
    pre = classifier.classify_many(test_set_fea)
    print(classification_report(test_set_gen, pre))

结果：

precision    recall  f1-score   support
         female       0.83      0.82      0.83       316
           male       0.70      0.71      0.70       184
    avg / total       0.78      0.78      0.78       500

（3）混淆矩阵

##混淆矩阵##
    cm = nltk.ConfusionMatrix(test_set_gen, pre)
    print(cm)

结果：

|   f     |
           |   e     |
           |   m   m |
           |   a   a |
           |   l   l |
           |   e   e |
    -------+---------+
    female |<260> 56 |
      male |  54<130>|
    -------+---------+
    (row = reference; col = test)

（4）决策树中的熵和信息增益

# 熵和信息增益
    import math
    def entropy(labels):
        freqdist = nltk.FreqDist(labels)
        probs = [freqdist.freq(l) for l in nltk.FreqDist(labels)]
        return -sum([p * math.log(p, 2) for p in probs])
    print(entropy(['male', 'male', 'male', 'male']))
    
    -0.0
    
    print(entropy(['male', 'female', 'male', 'male']))
    
    0.8112781244591328
    
    print(entropy(['female', 'male', 'female', 'male']))
    
    1.0
    
    print(entropy(['female', 'female', 'male', 'female']))
    
    0.8112781244591328
    
    print(entropy(['female', 'female', 'female', 'female']))
    
    -0.0

[Python]: https://blog.csdn.net/gdkyxy2013/column/info/30938
[20190223135420415.png]: /images/20210726/3e11f3b4d3434e3f8cb32320dbb4f26b.png
[20190223135503460.png]: /images/20210726/4396e29c85a74c60abc50cf20ac30f40.png