tar gz bz2区别_如何在Linux上从.tar.gz或.tar.bz2文件提取文件

不念不忘少年蓝@ 2021-07-27 01:28 357阅读 0赞

![tar gz bz2区别][tar gz bz2]

tar gz bz2区别

![Bash shell on Unity desktop concept][][Fatmawati Achmad Zaenuri/Shutterstock.com][Fatmawati Achmad Zaenuri_Shutterstock.com] [Fatmawati Achmad Zaenuri / Shutterstock.com][Fatmawati Achmad Zaenuri_Shutterstock.com]

Tar files are compressed archives. You’ll encounter them frequently while using a Linux distribution like Ubuntu or even while using the terminal on macOS. Here’s how to extract—or untar—the contents of a tar file, also known as a tarball.

Tar文件是压缩的存档。 在使用Ubuntu等Linux发行版甚至在macOS上使用终端时，您会经常遇到它们。 以下是提取(或解压缩)tar文件(也称为tarball)内容的方法。

## .tar.gz和.tar.bz2是什么意思？ **(**What Does .tar.gz and .tar.bz2 Mean?**)** ##

Files that have a `.tar.gz` or a `.tar.bz2` extension are compressed archive files. A file with just a `.tar` extension is uncompressed, but those will be very rare.

具有`.tar.gz`或`.tar.bz2`扩展名的文件是压缩的存档文件。 仅扩展名为`.tar`文件不会被压缩，但是这些文件很少见。

The `.tar` portion of the file extension stands for **t**ape **ar**chive, and is the reason that both of these file types are called tar files. Tar files date all the way back to 1979 when the `tar` command was created to allow system administrators to archive files onto tape. Forty years later we are still using the `tar` command to extract tar files on to our hard drives. Someone somewhere is probably still using `tar` with tape.

该`.tar`文件扩展名的一部分用于**T**猿**AR**韭菜，是这两种类型的文件被称为tar文件的原因。 Tar文件的历史可以追溯到1979年，当时创建了`tar`命令，以允许系统管理员将文件归档到磁带上。 四十年后，我们仍然使用`tar`命令将tar文件提取到我们的硬盘驱动器上。 某处的某个人可能仍在使用带磁带的`tar` 。

The `.gz` or `.bz2` extension suffix indicates that the archive has been compressed, using either the `gzip` or `bzip2` compression algorithm. The `tar` command will work happily with both types of file, so it doesn’t matter which compression method was used—and it should be available everywhere you have a Bash shell. You just need to use the appropriate `tar` command line options.

扩展名`.gz`或`.bz2`后缀表示已使用`gzip`或`bzip2`压缩算法压缩了档案。 `tar`命令将对两种类型的文件均能令人满意地工作，因此使用哪种压缩方法都无关紧要，并且在拥有Bash shell的任何地方都应可用。 您只需要使用适当的`tar`命令行选项即可。

## 从Tar文件中提取文件 **(**Extracting Files from Tar Files**)** ##

Let’s say you’ve downloaded two files of sheet music. One file is called `ukulele_songs.tar.gz` , the other is called `guitar_songs.tar.bz2`. These files are in the Downloads directory.

假设您已经下载了两个活页乐谱文件。 一个文件称为`ukulele_songs.tar.gz` ，另一个文件名为`guitar_songs.tar.bz2` 。 这些文件位于下载目录中。

![Two tar files in the downloads directory][]

Let’s extract the ukulele songs:

让我们提取四弦琴的歌曲：

tar -xvzf ukulele_songs.tar.gz

As the files are extracted, they are listed in the terminal window.

提取文件后，它们会在终端窗口中列出。

![Extraction of all files from tar file][]

The command line options we used are:

我们使用的命令行选项是：

*  **-x**: Extract, retrieve the files from the tar file.
    
    **-x** ：解压缩并从tar文件中检索文件。
 *  **-v**: Verbose, list the files as they are being extracted.
    
    **-v** ：详细，列出正在提取的文件。
 *  **-z**: Gzip, use gzip to decompress the tar file.
    
    **-z** ：Gzip，使用gzip解压缩tar文件。
 *  **-f**: File, the name of the tar file we want `tar` to work with. This option must be followed by the name of the tar file.
    
    **-f** ：文件，我们希望`tar`的tar文件的名称。 此选项后必须是tar文件的名称。

List the files in the directory with `ls` and you’ll see that a directory has been created called Ukulele Songs. The extracted files are in that directory. Where did this directory come from? It was contained in the `tar` file, and was extracted along with the files.

使用`ls`列出目录中的文件，您将看到已经创建了一个名为Ukulele Songs的目录。 提取的文件在该目录中。 该目录从何而来？ 它包含在`tar`文件中，并与文件一起提取。

![Ukulele Songs directory created in Downloads directory][]

Now let’s extract the guitar songs. To do this we’ll use almost exactly the same command as before but with one important difference. The `.bz2` extension suffix tells us it has been compressed using the bzip2 command. Instead of using the`-z` (gzip) option, we will use the `-j` (bzip2) option.

现在，让我们提取吉他歌曲。 为此，我们将使用与以前几乎完全相同的命令，但有一个重要区别。 `.bz2`扩展名后缀告诉我们已使用bzip2命令对其进行了压缩。 代替使用`-z` (gzip)选项，我们将使用`-j` (bzip2)选项。

tar -xvjf guitar_songs.tar.bz2

![Extraction of guitar songs tar file in Downloads folder][]

Once again, the files are listed to the terminal as they are extracted. To be clear, the command line options we used with `tar` for the `.tar.bz2` file were:

再次，文件在提取时会列出到终端。 需要明确的是，我们与`tar`使用的`.tar.bz2`文件的命令行选项为：

*  **-x**: Extract, retrieve the files from of the tar file.
    
    **-x** ：从tar文件中提取并检索文件。
 *  **-v**: Verbose, list the files as they are being extracted.
    
    **-v** ：详细，列出正在提取的文件。
 *  **-j**: Bzip2, use bzip2 to decompress the tar file.
    
    **-j** ：Bzip2，使用bzip2解压缩tar文件。
 *  **-f**: File, name of the tar file we want tar to work with.
    
    **-f** ：文件，我们希望tar使用的tar文件的名称。

If we list the files in the Download directory we will see that another directory called Guitar Songs has been created.

如果我们在下载目录中列出文件，我们将看到已经创建了另一个目录，名为Guitar Songs。

![Guitar songs directory created in Downloads directory][]

## 选择将文件提取到的位置 **(**Choosing Where to Extract the Files To**)** ##

If we want to extract the files to a location other than the current directory, we can specify a target directory using the `-C` (specified directory) option.

如果要将文件解压缩到当前目录以外的位置，则可以使用`-C` (指定目录)选项指定目标目录。

tar -xvjf guitar_songs.tar.gz -C ~/Documents/Songs/

Looking in our Documents/Songs directory we’ll see the Guitar Songs directory has been created.

在我们的Documents / Songs目录中，我们将看到Guitar Songs目录已创建。

![Guitar songs directory created in Documents/Songs directory][Guitar songs directory created in Documents_Songs directory]

Note that the target directory must already exist, `tar` will not create it if it is not present. If you need to create a directory and have `tar` extract the files into it all in one command, you can do that as follows:

请注意，目标目录必须已经存在，如果不存在， `tar`将不会创建它。 如果需要创建目录并让`tar`通过一个命令将文件全部提取到其中，则可以执行以下操作：

mkdir -p ~/Documents/Songs/Downloaded && tar -xvjf guitar_songs.tar.gz -C ~/Documents/Songs/Downloaded/

The `-p` (parents) option causes `mkdir` to create any parent directories that are required, ensuring the target directory is created.

`-p` (父项)选项使`mkdir`创建所需的任何父目录，确保已创建目标目录。

## 提取文件之前先查看Tar文件内部 **(**Looking Inside Tar Files Before Extracting Them**)** ##

So far we’ve just taken a leap of faith and extracted the files sight unseen. You might like to look before you leap. You can review the contents of a `tar` file before you extract it by using the `-t` (list) option. It is usually convenient to [pipe][] the output through the `less` command.

到目前为止，我们刚刚迈出了信心的一步，提取了看不见的文件。 您可能想在飞跃之前先看一下。 您可以先查看`tar`文件的内容，然后再使用`-t` (列表)选项将其解压缩。 通常，通过`less`命令通过[管道][pipe]传递输出很方便。

tar -tf ukulele_songs.tar.gz | less

Notice that we don’t need to use the `-z` option to list the files. We only need to add the `-z` option when we’re *extracting* files from a `.tar.gz` file. Likewise, we don’t need the `-j` option to list the files in a `tar.bz2` file.

注意，我们不需要使用`-z`选项来列出文件。 从`.tar.gz`文件中*提取*文件时，仅需要添加`-z`选项。 同样，我们不需要`-j`选项来列出`tar.bz2`文件中的文件。

![Contents of tar file piped through less][]

Scrolling through the output we can see that everything in the tar file is held within a directory called Ukulele Songs, and within that directory, there are files and other directories.

滚动查看输出，我们可以看到tar文件中的所有内容都保存在名为Ukulele Songs的目录中，并且在该目录中有文件和其他目录。

![Second view of contents of tar file piped through less][]

We can see that the Ukulele Songs directory contains directories called Random Songs, Ramones and Possibles.

我们可以看到，Ukulele Songs目录包含名为Random Songs，Ramones和可能性的目录。

To extract all the files from a directory within a tar file use the following command. Note that the path is wrapped in quotation marks because there are spaces in the path.

要从tar文件中的目录中提取所有文件，请使用以下命令。 请注意，该路径用引号引起来，因为该路径中有空格。

tar -xvzf ukulele_songs.tar.gz "Ukulele Songs/Ramones/"

![Extracting single folder from tar file][]

To extract a single file, provide the path and the name of the file.

要提取单个文件，请提供文件的路径和名称。

tar -xvzf ukulele_songs.tar.gz "Ukulele Songs/023 - My Babe.odt"

![Extracting single file from tar file][]

You can extract a selection of files by using wildcards, where `*` represents any string of characters and `?` represents any single character. Using wildcards requires the use of the `--wildcards` option.

您可以使用通配符来提取文件的选择，其中`*`表示任何字符串， `?` 代表任何单个字符。 使用通配符需要使用`--wildcards`选项。

tar -xvz --wildcards -f ukulele_songs.tar.gz "Ukulele Songs/Possibles/B*"

![Extracting songs from tar with wildcards][]

## 提取文件而不提取目录 **(**Extracting Files Without Extracting Directories**)** ##

If you don’t want the directory structure in the tar file to be recreated on your hard drive, use the `--strip-components` option. The `--strip-components` option requires a numerical parameter. The number represents how many levels of directories to ignore. Files from the ignored directories are still extracted, but the directory structure is not replicated on your hard drive.

如果您不想在硬盘上重新创建tar文件中的目录结构，请使用`--strip-components`选项。 `--strip-components`选项需要一个数字参数。 该数字表示要忽略的目录级别。 仍然会从被忽略的目录中提取文件，但是目录结构不会复制到您的硬盘驱动器上。

If we specify `--strip-components=1` with our example tar file, the Ukulele Songs top-most directory within the tar file is not created on the hard drive. The files and directories that would have been extracted to that directory are extracted in the target directory.

如果我们在示例tar文件中指定`--strip-components=1` ，则tar文件中的Ukulele Songs最顶层目录不会在硬盘上创建。 本应提取到该目录的文件和目录将提取到目标目录中。

tar -xvzf ukulele_songs.tar.gz --strip-components=1

![Extracting files from tar file with --strip-components=1][Extracting files from tar file with --strip-components_1]

There are only two levels of directory nesting within our example tar file. So if we use `--strip-components=2`, all the files are extracted in the target directory, and no other directories are created.

在示例tar文件中，目录嵌套只有两个级别。 因此，如果我们使用`--strip-components=2` ，则所有文件都将提取到目标目录中，而不会创建其他目录。

tar -xvzf ukulele_songs.tar.gz --strip-components=2

![Extracting files from tar file with --strip-components=2][Extracting files from tar file with --strip-components_2]

If you look at the Linux [man page][] you’ll see that `tar` has got to be a good candidate for the title of “command having the most command line options.” Thankfully, to allow us to extract files from `.tar.gz` and `tar.bz2` files with a good degree of granular control, we only need to remember a handful of these options.

如果查看Linux [手册页，][man page]您会发现`tar`必须是“具有最多命令行选项的命令”标题的不错的选择。 幸运的是，为了使我们能够以良好的粒度控制从`.tar.gz`和`tar.bz2`文件中提取文件，我们只需要记住少数几个选项即可。

> 翻译自: [https://www.howtogeek.com/409742/how-to-extract-files-from-a-.tar.gz-or-.tar.bz2-file-on-linux/][https_www.howtogeek.com_409742_how-to-extract-files-from-a-.tar.gz-or-.tar.bz2-file-on-linux]

tar gz bz2区别

[tar gz bz2]: /images/20210726/a04f3b6578144f20bcbdd0c70ac22efc.png
[Bash shell on Unity desktop concept]: /images/20210726/4281af2f894b4c95ab92bd7f45e99e2b.png
[Fatmawati Achmad Zaenuri_Shutterstock.com]: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/linux-interface-screen-notebook-world-map-321627716
[Two tar files in the downloads directory]: /images/20210726/35e7981b8d0a4ebca780c35e9bd605a7.png
[Extraction of all files from tar file]: /images/20210726/349bd1949e644d8ab51ff77b20110ce4.png
[Ukulele Songs directory created in Downloads directory]: /images/20210726/b24d02e6cf4c4864b3e2f53aaee3c7f7.png
[Extraction of guitar songs tar file in Downloads folder]: /images/20210726/6e1d334026a047309366fe101f0216cb.png
[Guitar songs directory created in Downloads directory]: /images/20210726/ade2c357ddc54803bc230d6b68c87248.png
[Guitar songs directory created in Documents_Songs directory]: /images/20210726/771c494831c046afa65e55abf82da75a.png
[pipe]: https://www.howtogeek.com/110150/become-a-linux-terminal-power-user-with-these-8-tricks/
[Contents of tar file piped through less]: /images/20210726/7cc49549c2e74eb69611a7da2261e70f.png
[Second view of contents of tar file piped through less]: /images/20210726/a846b1e86ded44d8a6686067ad96342b.png
[Extracting single folder from tar file]: /images/20210726/51b8c9af2edf4af0869aae1d0ef7b43c.png
[Extracting single file from tar file]: /images/20210726/312f2bfb7c6f4d9a861ed85ac4cec121.png
[Extracting songs from tar with wildcards]: /images/20210726/07c0aaea4df54d17809ee3aa05e047a0.png
[Extracting files from tar file with --strip-components_1]: /images/20210726/07696bc1ab204479a97a322038605a1e.png
[Extracting files from tar file with --strip-components_2]: /images/20210726/bd0b5dc14382470cb595f955eaa8d240.png
[man page]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/tar.1.html
[https_www.howtogeek.com_409742_how-to-extract-files-from-a-.tar.gz-or-.tar.bz2-file-on-linux]: https://www.howtogeek.com/409742/how-to-extract-files-from-a-.tar.gz-or-.tar.bz2-file-on-linux/